Clinical Implications of Respiratory Virus Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Prospective Study

López‐Medrano, Francisco; Aguado, José María; Lizasoaín, Manuel; Folgueira, Lola; Juan, Rafael San; Díaz-Pedroche, Carmen; Lumbreras, Carlos; Morales, José; Delgado, Juan; Moreno‐González, E.

doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000282788.70383.8b

Cited by 71 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In Spain, as in the rest of the world, HRSV infections are the main cause of severe respiratory illness in the pediatric population (5,29,66) and in vulnerable adults (8,38,42). Although respiratory disease related to HRSV is clinically well characterized (2, 9, 10) and the risk factors for hospitalization associated with infection of this virus have been established (25,58), only two previous studies with Spanish samples provided limited information about circulating genotypes (27,41).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ten Years of Global Evolution of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus BA Genotype with a 60-Nucleotide Duplication in the G Protein Gene

Trento

Casas

Calderón

et al. 2010

J Virol

167

207

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Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), a member of the Pneumovirus genus within the Paramyxoviridae family, is recognized as the leading agent responsible for severe respiratory infections in the pediatric population (31, 34, 35) and a pathogen of considerable importance in vulnerable adults (23,24). The global respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease burden is estimated at 64 million cases and 160,000 deaths every year (70). This virus causes regular seasonal epidemics which take place during the winter months in temperate countries or during the rainy season in tropical areas (12). A peculiar aspect of HRSV is that the immune response produced by infection does not confer long-lasting protection, which is why reinfections are common throughout life (30).Neutralization tests performed with hyperimmune serum (16) and reactivity with specific monoclonal antibodies (4, 45) were used to classify HRSV isolates into two antigenic groups, A and B, which correlated with genetically distinct viruses (18). The main differences between these two groups are located in the major attachment G protein. This protein is a type II glycoprotein that shares neither sequence nor structural features with the attachment proteins (HN or H) of other paramyxoviruses (69), and it represents one of the targets of the immune response (27, 43). The full-length membranebound G protein (Gm) of 292 to 319 amino acids (depending on the viral strain) is also expressed in a secreted version (Gs) that lacks the transmembrane domain due to alternative initiation of translation at a second in-frame AUG codon in the G open reading frame (M48) (52). The G protein is the viral gene product with the highest degree of antigenic and genetic diversity among viral isolates (4,18,28,45). Most changes are concentrated in two hypervariable regions that flank a highly conserved central region of the G protein ectodomain, which includes a cluster of four cysteines and the putative receptor binding site (43). It has been suggested that antigenic differences within this protein could facilitate repeated HRSV infections (37,59). In addition, positive selection of amino acid changes was observed in the two hypervariable regions of the G protein ectodomain (7,43,71,73,74). One of the hypervariable regions, located in the C-terminal one-third of the G molecule, contains multiple epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies (43), suggesting that immune selection of new variants by antibodies may contribute to generation of HRSV diversity.Phylogenetic studies based on sequence analysis of the G protein have identified numerous genotypes in the antigenic groups A and B that show complex circulation patterns, since multiple genotypes of both antigenic groups may circulate within the same season and community, with one or two dominant genotypes being replaced in successive years (13,14,26,27,32,49,50). Each community shows a seasonal circulation

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ten Years of Global Evolution of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus BA Genotype with a 60-Nucleotide Duplication in the G Protein Gene

Trento

Casas

Calderón

et al. 2010

J Virol

167

207

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“…This group of patients is susceptible to infections, which remain a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. The incidence of respiratory virus infections among solid organ transplant recipients is similar to that of the general population, but complications are higher (18) and the clinical presentation of rhinosinusitis may be subtle, fulminant or even fatal. Thus, it is essential to establish a proper diagnosis within a limited time and transplant recipients with any kind of symptom suggesting rhinosinusitis should be carefully evaluated.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 81%

Mucosal Cysts of the Maxillary Sinus in Solid Organ Transplant Population: Computerised Tomography Follow-Up Results

Aydın¹,

Yerli²,

Tanrikulu³

et al. 2013

Balkan Med J

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Background: The clinical significance of maxillary sinus mucosal cysts in liver and kidney transplant recipients remains unclear.Aim: To investigate the course of maxillary mucosal cysts in liver and kidney transplantation patients. Study Design: Retrospective clinical studyMethods: Paranasal sinus computed tomography scans of 169 renal and 43 hepatic transplant recipients were reviewed. The incidence, size and growth characteristics of maxillary mucosal cysts in the renal and hepatic transplant population were noted.Results: Overall incidence of maxillary sinus mucosal cyst in transplantation patients was found to be 24.5%, with a male to female ratio of 2:1 (p<0.05). Follow-up views of 26 patients showed that the size of the cysts increased in 19, decreased in 4, and remained the same in 3 patients. Mean growth rate of the cysts was calculated to be 6.30 ± 7.02 mm 2 per month. Most of the cysts were located on the inferior wall of the maxillary sinus. Conclusion:Incidence of the maxillary mucosal cysts in renal and hepatic transplant recipients does not differ from general population, but these cysts have a greater tendency to grow. Specific measures are not needed for isolated, asymptomatic maxillary mucosal cysts in transplant populations.

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“…The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of communityacquired respiratory viruses (CARVs) among SOT recipients is similar to those in the general population, although a higher risk for medical complications has been observed in immunocompromised patients (122)(123)(124). In particular, influenza in SOT recipients is associated with a higher rate of bacterial pneumonia, hospitalization, need for invasive ventilation and even death (125).…”

Section: Infection By Community-acquired Respiratory Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Infection on Chronic Allograft Dysfunction and Allograft Survival After Solid Organ Transplantation

Martín-Gandul

Mueller

Pascual

et al. 2015

American Journal of Transplantation

131

103

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Infectious diseases after solid organ transplantation (SOT) are a significant cause of morbidity and reduced allograft and patient survival; however, the influence of infection on the development of chronic allograft dysfunction has not been completely delineated. Some viral infections appear to affect allograft function by both inducing direct tissue damage and immunologically related injury, including acute rejection. In particular, this has been observed for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in all SOT recipients and for BK virus infection in kidney transplant recipients, for community-acquired respiratory viruses in lung transplant recipients, and for hepatitis C virus in liver transplant recipients. The impact of bacterial and fungal infections is less clear, but bacterial urinary tract infections and respiratory tract colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus spp appear to be correlated with higher rates of chronic allograft dysfunction in kidney and lung transplant recipients, respectively. Evidence supports the beneficial effects of the use of antiviral prophylaxis for CMV in improving allograft function and survival in SOT recipients. Nevertheless, there is still a need for prospective interventional trials assessing the potential effects of preventive and therapeutic strategies against bacterial and fungal infection for reducing or delaying the development of chronic allograft dysfunction.

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Clinical Implications of Respiratory Virus Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: A Prospective Study

Cited by 71 publications

References 36 publications

Ten Years of Global Evolution of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus BA Genotype with a 60-Nucleotide Duplication in the G Protein Gene

Ten Years of Global Evolution of the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus BA Genotype with a 60-Nucleotide Duplication in the G Protein Gene

Mucosal Cysts of the Maxillary Sinus in Solid Organ Transplant Population: Computerised Tomography Follow-Up Results

The Impact of Infection on Chronic Allograft Dysfunction and Allograft Survival After Solid Organ Transplantation

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