Clinical findings and treatment in 63 cows with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome

Braun, Ueli; Schmid, Tanja; Muggli, Evelyne; Steininger, K; Previtali, Matteo; Gerspach, Christian; Pospischil, Andreas; Nuss, Karl

doi:10.1024/0036-7281/a000117

Cited by 16 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…All the cows underwent a thorough clinical examination (Rosenberger 1979), and haematological, serum biochemical and ruminal fluid analyses were undertaken (Braun and others 2010).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic findings in 63 cows with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome

et al. 2010

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Cows with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome were examined by ultrasonography. A 5.0 MHz linear transducer was used to scan the right side of 63 standing, non-sedated cows. The small intestine was found to be dilated and had a diameter of 4.3 to 12.0 cm (mean [sd] 6.76 [1.78] cm), and there was markedly reduced or absent small intestinal motility in all the cows. In 22 (34.9 per cent) cows, empty poststenotic segments of small intestine were seen in addition to empty prestenotic intestine. In 12 (19 per cent) cows, the intestinal lumen contained localised hyperechoic material consistent with blood clots. Fluid with or without fibrin was seen between intestinal loops in 39 (61.9 per cent) cows. Accumulation of ingesta in the abomasum and sometimes in the omasum and rumen was seen in 14 (22.2 per cent) cows. Ultrasonography was considered to be a useful tool for the diagnosis of ileus. However, this imaging modality could be used to make a definitive diagnosis of haemorrhagic bowel syndrome only when a blood clot was seen in the intestinal lumen. (61.9 %) cows. Accumulation of ingesta in the abomasum and sometimes in the omasum and rumen was seen in 14 (22.2 %) cows. Ultrasonography was considered to be a useful tool for the diagnosis of ileus. However, this imaging modality could only be used to make a definitive diagnosis of HBS when a blood clot was seen in the intestinal lumen.

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“…All the cows underwent a thorough clinical examination (Rosenberger 1979), and haematological, serum biochemical and ruminal fluid analyses were undertaken (Braun and others 2010).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic findings in 63 cows with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome

et al. 2010

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“…Serum biochemical analysis shows hypokalemic, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis with compensatory respiratory acidosis. The reason of the metabolic disturbances is the sequestered abomasal secretions and continuous proximal bowel obstruction (2,14,22,23).…”

Section: Serum Biochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in cattle

Mamak

Börkü²

2019

Veterinary Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University

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Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome is relatively common disease in dairy and beef cattle which has high fatality rate. It is classified as acute, sporadic and necrohemorrhagic enteritis. It is commonly seen in highly productive dairy cattle. The cause of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome is unclear and the pathogenesis is not well-understood. As a primary etiologic agent Clostridium perfringens type A has been strongly proposed and its alpha and beta2 toxin are suggested to have an important role in occurence of the disease. Disease especially observed in the first 3 months of lactation in lactating dairy cows. Ration is seem to be the most important predisposing factor in the development of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome. Severe toxemia (enterotoxemia) and intense hemorrhage in the small intestine cause pathological changes in the intestine. The blood clots in the intestinal lumen, a specific finding of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome can only be demonstrated in 19% of affected cows. Diagnosis is often based on the clinical, ultrasound and necropsy findings and also with differential diagnosis of other haemorrhagic enteritis caused by salmonellosis, Bovine Viral Diarrhea and coccidiosis etc. Prognosis is poor and fatality rate is nearly 100% despite intensive medical and surgical therapy. The use of feed additives, good nutritional management and vaccine administration are recommended for disease control. Sığırlarda hemorajik bağırsak sendromu ÖZ Hemorajik bağırsak sendromu, daha yaygın olarak sütçü ve etçi sığırlarda görülen ölüm oranı yüksek bir hastalıktır. Akut, sporadik ve nekrohemorajik enterit olarak sınıflandırılır. Süt verimi yüksek sığırlarda yaygın olarak görülür. Hemorajik bağırsak sendromu'nun nedeni belirsizdir ve patogenezi tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Primer etiyolojik etkenin Clostridium perfringens tip A olduğu ağırlıklı bir şekilde öne sürülmüş olup, etkenin alfa ve beta2 toksininin, hastalığın oluşumunda önemli bir rolü olduğu düşünülmektedir. Hastalık, özellikle laktasyondaki süt ineklerinde, laktasyonun ilk 3 ayında görülür. Rasyon, hemorajik bağırsak sendromu gelişiminde en önemli predispozan faktör olarak görülmektedir. İnce bağırsaklardaki şiddetli toksemi (enterotoksemi) ve yoğun hemoraji, bağırsaklarda patolojik değişikliklere neden olur. Spesifik bir hemorajik bağırsak sendromu bulgusu olan bağırsak lumenindeki kan pıhtılaşması, sendromdan etkilenen ineklerin sadece % 19'unda tespit edilebilir. Teşhis; genellikle klinik, ultrason ve nekropsi bulgularına dayanır ve teşhis, ayrıca salmonellozis, Bovine Viral Diarrhea ve koksidiyoz vb. kaynaklı diğer hemorajik enteritlerin ayırıcı tanısı ile olur. Prognoz kötüdür ve ölüm oranı, yoğun medikal ve şirurjikal tedaviye rağmen yaklaşık % 100'dür. Hastalığın kontrolü için yem katkı maddelerinin kullanımı, iyi beslenme yönetimi ve aşı uygulaması önerilmektedir.

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“…In severe cases of winter dysentery, a disease with unconfirmed causative agent, fresh blood clots have been reported to be evidenced in the feces of affected calves (Divers and Peek, 2008). Other clinical conditions of the gastrointestinal tract associated with blood loss anemia are the hemorrhagic bowel syndrome caused by Clostridium perfringens type A (Braun et al, 2010) and abomasal ulcers (Ok et al, 2001;Vatn and Ulvund, 2000).…”

Section: Hemorrhagic Anemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic approach of anemia in ruminants

Katsogiannou

Athanasiou

Christodoulopoulos

et al. 2018

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Anemia in ruminants is an abnormal condition characterized by the decrease of the hematocrit (Packed Cell Volume, PCV), the mass of erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells, RBCs) and/or hemoglobin. Anemia is classified as hemolytic, hemorrhagic or anemia caused by the decreased production of erythrocytes; the first two categories are characterized by a regenerative response. Hemorrhagic anemia can be caused by ectoparasites or parasites of the gastrointestinal system, hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, abomasal ulcers, vena cava thrombosis as well as from the genitourinary tract. In addition, primary and secondary hemostatic disorders can be accompanied by hemorrhagic anemia. Hemoparasites, toxins produced from Clostridium perfringens type D and Clostridium hemolyticum and leptospirosis are some of the causes of hemolytic anemia. Furthermore, certain plants, drugs or heavy metals and lack of certain trace elements can cause hemolysis. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia has also been reported in ruminants. The reduced production of erythrocytes can be caused by deficiency of vitamin B12 or iron, as well as by chronic diseases. Pathologic conditions of bone marrow like inflammatory or neoplastic cells filtration and hypoplasia or aplasia of bone marrow are related to reduced production of erythrocytes. After laboratory confirmation by complete blood count analysis, history taking, clinical examination of the animal and specific test depending on the case, are required for the diagnostic approach of anemia and especially for etiological diagnosis. Tachycardia, tachypnea, icterus, mucosal pallor as well as specific symptoms of the underlying disease are observed during the clinical examination of the animal. FAMACHA technique is widely used for the clinical diagnosis and the assessment of the severity of anemia. With respect to complete blood count, apart from the hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocytes indices as Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) are contributing to the classification of anemia. The size and the shape of the erythrocytes, the appearance of inclusions and reticulocytes, which are indicative of regenerative anemia, are evaluated in blood smear. Rarely, examination of bone marrow is carried out, for the differentiation of anemia as regenerative or non-regenerative. In particular, the confirmation of immune- mediate anemia is based on Coomb’s test for the detection of autoagglutination. Except from hemorrhage, blood loss is detected at urinalysis or feces microscopy for the presence of blood and/or parasites. Finally, serological and molecular techniques for the detection of infectious agents, as well as specific toxicological analysis are performed in various biological materials.

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Clinical findings and treatment in 63 cows with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome

Cited by 16 publications

References 1 publication

Ultrasonographic findings in 63 cows with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome

Ultrasonographic findings in 63 cows with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in cattle

Diagnostic approach of anemia in ruminants

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