“…Based on the analysis of biomarkers for carbonyl stress in Japanese patients, Itokawa's group estimated that carbonyl stress might contribute to~20% of schizophrenia (Arai et al, 2010;Itokawa et al, 2014). This subset of patients shared clinical phenotypes seen in treatment-resistant schizophrenia, such as longer hospitalization, a higher proportion of inpatients, demand for higher doses of antipsychotics and lower educational status (Miyashita et al, 2014a). Several rare causal variations in GLOI have been identified in schizophrenia patients with enhanced carbonyl stress (Itokawa et al, 2014); however, the proportion of cases attributable to rare variants should be relatively small.…”