Clinical features of olfactory reference syndrome: An internet-based study

Greenberg, Jennifer L.; Shaw, Ashley M.; Reuman, Lillian; Schwartz, Rachel A.; Wilhelm, Sabine

doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.11.001

Cited by 34 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Patients with olfactory reference syndrome are often preoccupied with odors emanating from multiple body parts such as the mouth, body, armpits, and feet [5, 7]. Of these concerns, mouth odor is the most common source of the preoccupation [5], which suggests that olfactory reference syndrome may share features with pathologic subjective halitosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This syndrome has been defined as a psychiatric condition characterized by a persistent preoccupation with body odor accompanied by shame, embarrassment, significant distress, avoidance behavior, and social isolation [6]. Typically, patients with this condition are preoccupied with concerns about multiple body parts [5, 7]. Of these concerns, mouth odor is the most common source of the preoccupation [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationships between pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, and social anxiety in young Japanese women

et al. 2017

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BackgroundPathologic subjective halitosis is known as a halitosis complaint without objective confirmation of halitosis by others or by halitometer measurements; it has been reported to be associated with social anxiety disorder. Olfactory reference syndrome is a preoccupation with the false belief that one emits a foul and offensive body odor. Generally, patients with olfactory reference syndrome are concerned with multiple body parts. However, the mouth is known to be the most common source of body odor for those with olfactory reference syndrome, which could imply that the two conditions share similar features. Therefore, we investigated potential causal relationships among pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupations with body part odors.MethodsA total of 1360 female students (mean age 19.6 ± 1.1 years) answered a self-administered questionnaire regarding pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupation with odors of body parts such as mouth, body, armpits, and feet. The scale for pathologic subjective halitosis followed that developed by Tsunoda et al.; participants were divided into three groups based on their scores (i.e., levels of pathologic subjective halitosis). A Bayesian network was used to analyze causal relationships between pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupations with body part odors.ResultsWe found statistically significant differences in the results for olfactory reference syndrome and social anxiety among the various levels of pathologic subjective halitosis (P < 0.001). Residual analyses indicated that students with severe levels of pathologic subjective halitosis showed greater preoccupations with mouth and body odors (P < 0.05). Bayesian network analysis showed that social anxiety directly influenced pathologic subjective halitosis and olfactory reference syndrome. Preoccupations with mouth and body odors also influenced pathologic subjective halitosis.ConclusionsSocial anxiety may be a causal factor of pathologic subjective halitosis and olfactory reference syndrome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, and social anxiety in young Japanese women

et al. 2017

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“…Beck Depressions-Inventar-II [BDI-II;Hautzinger et al, 2009] [Greenberg et al, 2016]. Unser Befund ergänzt daher die Befunde von Greenberg et al [2016] auf sinnhafte Weise.…”

Section: Diagnostische Verfahrenunclassified

“…Unser Befund ergänzt daher die Befunde von Greenberg et al [2016] auf sinnhafte Weise. Beide Skalen beinhalten Items, bei denen Körpergerüche (z.B.…”

Section: Diagnostische Verfahrenunclassified

“…So beschreibt auch Beck [1967], dass dysfunktionale Gedanken unter anderem gegen die eigene Person gerichtet sind und zu einem Gefühl von starkem Selbstekel führen können. Auch bei Personen mit körperdysmorpher Störung gibt es Hinweise, dass diese ihrem Körper gegenüber einen erhöhten Ekel empfinden [Schmidt und Grocholewski, 2018 [Greenberg et al, 2016]. Bisher ist jedoch weder die Klassifikation dieser Erkrankung endgültig geklärt, noch existieren ausreichend empirische Untersuchungen, die helfen, die Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung der ORS zu verstehen.…”

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Ekel und die olfaktorische Referenzstörung

Schmidt¹,

Grocholewski²

2019

Verhaltenstherapie

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Theoretischer Hintergrund: Ekel spielt bei verschiedenen psychischen Erkrankungen eine bedeutende Rolle. Die olfaktorische Referenzstörung (ORS) ist eine bisher wenig erforschte Störung, bei der Betroffene befürchten, einen unangenehmen/starken Körpergeruch zu verbreiten, der von anderen Personen nicht wahrnehmbar ist. Obwohl ein Zusammenhang mit Ekel naheliegt, wurde dieser bisher noch nicht untersucht. Fragestellung: Unterscheiden sich Personen mit ORS von gesunden Vergleichspersonen im Hinblick auf ihre Ekelsensitivität, Ekelempfindlichkeit und ihren Selbstekel? Methode: Dreißig Personen mit ORS und 30 nach Alter und Geschlecht parallelisierte, gesunde Vergleichspersonen wurden mittels Fragebogenverfahren im Hinblick auf die oben genannten Ekelkonstrukte getestet. Es wurden Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen sowie der Zusammenhang zwischen den Ekelkonstrukten und der Schwere der Belastung durch die ORS und Depressivität untersucht. Ergebnisse: Die Gruppen unterscheiden sich signifikant im Hinblick auf alle untersuchten Ekelkonstrukte, wobei die ORS-Gruppe insgesamt höhere Werte erzielt. Es besteht jedoch kein signifikanter Zusammenhang mit der Belastung durch ORS-Symptome. Selbstekel hängt bei ORS-Betroffenen mit Depressivität zusammen, während es keinen signifikanten Zusammenhang mit den anderen Ekelkonstrukten gab. Schlussfolgerungen: Ekel scheint eine Bedeutung bei Personen mit ORS zu haben und sollte daher in zukünftigen Forschungsarbeiten stärker berücksichtigt werden.

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Higher order compulsivity versus grooming dimensions as treatment targets for the DSM‐5 obsessive–compulsive and related disorders

Snorrason

Conway

Falkenstein

et al. 2021

Depression and Anxiety

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Background: Transdiagnostic definitions of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) may represent useful treatment targets. The current study sought to characterize higher order dimensions underpinning the OCRDs in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition, and examine their course during treatment. Methods: Adult patients (N = 407) completed measures of OCRDs, depression, and worry before and after intensive/residential treatment for OCRDs. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the comorbidity structure and temporal course of the symptoms. Results: Covariation of the symptoms was best represented by three dimensions: distress (depression and worry), compulsivity (obsessive-compulsive disorder, hoarding, and body dysmorphia), and grooming (hair pulling and skin picking). Latent change score modeling revealed significant reduction in the means of all three dimensions across treatment (Cohen's ds = −1.04, −0.62, and −0.23 for distress, compulsivity, and grooming, respectively). There was a strong correlation between change in compulsivity and grooming (r = .67) and change in compulsivity and distress (r = .80), but a small correlation between change in grooming and distress (r = .35). Conclusions:The results indicate that OCRDs are underpinned by higher order compulsivity and grooming dimensions that differ in their association with distress.The results further suggest that the two dimensions may reflect promising intervention targets suitable for transdiagnostic treatment protocols.

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Clinical features of olfactory reference syndrome: An internet-based study

Cited by 34 publications

References 33 publications

Relationships between pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, and social anxiety in young Japanese women

Relationships between pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, and social anxiety in young Japanese women

Ekel und die olfaktorische Referenzstörung

Higher order compulsivity versus grooming dimensions as treatment targets for the DSM‐5 obsessive–compulsive and related disorders

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