Adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas is a rare variant of pancreatic cancer, which is known to be difficult to diagnose. We herein report a case diagnosed by transpapillary biopsy of the pancreatic duct. A 73‐year‐old man was referred to our department with suspicion of pancreatic cancer. Ultrasound showed a hypoechoic mass, 9 mm in diameter, in the body of the pancreas. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography demonstrated a stenosis of the main pancreatic duct in the body with upstream dilatation and a shift of the bile duct to the left. Histological examination of the specimens obtained by transpapillary biopsy of the pancreatic duct revealed both adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Pancreatoduodenectomy was performed and, histopathologically, the tumor was diagnosed as adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreatic body, 9 mm in size. This is the first case of adenosquamous carcinoma of the pancreas preoperatively diagnosed by transpapillary biopsy of the pancreatic duct, and the smallest stage I (TNM classification) case of such carcinoma detected to date.