Clinical Features in Border Terrier Dogs with Paroxysmal Involuntary Movements

Marioni‐Henry, Katia; Rusbridge, Clare; Volk, Holger A.

doi:10.1002/mdc3.12232

Cited by 7 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…PxDs have been described in other canine breeds . In the majority of breeds with PxD affecting the limbs and trunk, the first episode of PxD is observed in the first year after birth .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…In the majority of breeds with PxD affecting the limbs and trunk, the first episode of PxD is observed in the first year after birth . However, in the NT dogs in this study, the median and mean age at the first observed episode of PxD was 3 years, similar to what has been reported in the border terrier . Other similarities with the border terrier PxD include no gender predilection in affected dogs; seeking to be near the owner at the start of an episode; certain aspects of the episode phenomenology, such as the sustained hypertonicity of the appendicular and lumbar muscles, repeated licking movements, and side‐to‐side swaying movements of the body; and episode frequency .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Similar to what has been reported in other canine breeds with PxD, treatment with antiepileptic medications, such as phenobarbital and potassium bromide, did not decrease episode frequency by 50% or more. Although no definitive conclusions can be drawn due to the small number of cases and the fact that treatment modalities were various and not randomized, it seems that a change in diet can be beneficial in some NT dogs, as previously suggested in other canine breeds . Further investigations are required to clarify whether and which diet changes or other treatment modalities are most beneficial in NT dogs with PxD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is unlikely that the paroxysmal disorder described in the NT dogs in this study represents a form of epilepsy, considering the episode phenomenology (e.g., normal level of consciousness and awareness, lack of autonomic signs, the tendency to continue performing certain activities during the episode, and the absence of postictal signs), the similarities with PxDs in other canine breeds, the lack of response to antiepileptic drugs commonly used in canine epilepsy, and the absence of electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities in the 2 tested dogs. However, differentiation between PxD and epilepsy can be very challenging, and both conditions can occur in the same family or individual . None of the NT dogs included in this study underwent EEG during an episode due to logistic limitations of EEG in veterinary medicine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 Primary PxDs have been recognized with increasing frequency in various canine breeds and are generally characterized by episodic hyperkinesis that impairs posture and locomotion without loss of consciousness. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Age at onset, episode phenomenology, duration and frequency, clinical course, and response to treatment vary between canine breeds. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] The majority of canine PxDs seem to be comparable to paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia in humans.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Norwich Terrier Dogs

Risio

Forman

Mellersh

et al. 2016

Movement Disord Clin Pract

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View Supplementary Video 1 View Supplementary Video 2 Background Episodic muscular hypertonicity in Norwich terrier dogs was first reported in a brief communication in 1984. Since then, the condition has remained poorly characterized. Objectives The aims of this study were to characterize the phenomenology, clinical course, and family history of paroxysmal dyskinesia in the Norwich terrier and to estimate its prevalence in the United Kingdom. Methods The owners of Norwich terrier dogs born since January 1, 2000 were invited to complete a specifically designed questionnaire aimed at identifying affected and unaffected dogs and investigating the clinical characteristics of this paroxysmal dyskinesia. Pedigrees were collected and reviewed. Results The questionnaire was returned for 198 Norwich terrier dogs. Of these, 26 (13%) were classified as affected by paroxysmal dyskinesia after revision of the questionnaires and after obtaining videos of the episodes, veterinary medical records, and telephone interviews with the owners. All dogs were neurologically normal between episodes. No significant abnormalities were detected on diagnostic investigations. Mean age at the first episode was 3 years. The episodes were characterized by sustained muscular hypertonicity in the pelvic limbs, lumbar region, and thoracic limbs, impairing posture and locomotion without loss of consciousness. Episode frequency varied both between and within individuals. Stress, anxiety, excitement, and variation in daily routine were recognized as episode triggers in 13 dogs. Episode duration generally was from 2 to 5 minutes (range, from < 2 to 30 minutes). The majority of affected dogs were related. Conclusions Paroxysmal dyskinesia segregates in an extended pedigree of Norwich terrier dogs and thus is potentially an inherited disorder in this breed.

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“…PxDs have been described in other canine breeds . In the majority of breeds with PxD affecting the limbs and trunk, the first episode of PxD is observed in the first year after birth .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Norwich Terrier Dogs

Risio

Forman

Mellersh

et al. 2016

Movement Disord Clin Pract

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Dystonic head tremor in paroxysmal dyskinesia in 17 dogs (2021–2023)

Liatis,

De Decker

2023

Veterinary Record

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BackgroundDystonia is a common component of the movement disorder paroxysmal dyskinesia (PD) in dogs. However, the incidence of dystonic head tremor (DHT) in these dogs has not previously been evaluated.MethodsThe medical records of dogs presenting with PD between 2021 and 2023 were retrospectively reviewed, and those with available video footage and the presence of a head tremor were selected for further analysis.ResultsSeventeen of the 39 (43.6%) dogs diagnosed with PD that had video footage available manifested DHT. Poodle or Poodle‐cross was the most commonly affected breed (7/17). DHTs were described as fine irregular head tremors accompanied by cervical dystonia (17/17), truncal (11/17) or head (10/17) sway, shifting limb (10/17) or single limb (6/17) dystonia, freezing (8/17), ataxia (6/17), ptyalism (5/17), falling (5/17), kyphosis (4/17) and prayer posture (4/17). Neurological examination and advanced imaging, when available, were within normal limits.LimitationsThe limitations of the study include its retrospective nature, the lack of video recordings for all PD patients and the lack of electrophysiological evaluation of tremors and electroencephalography.ConclusionsDHT exists in dogs with PD; it has characteristic features, and it should be considered in differential diagnoses for dogs with head tremors.

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