Clinical expertise and reasoning with uncertain categories

Hayes, Brett K.; Chen, Jessamine T.-H.

doi:10.3758/pbr.15.5.1002

Cited by 24 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Thus, for this paradigm, a reasonable estimate of how often people are integrating across categories (rather than simply averaging any numbers that are displayed) is 25–40%. This is similar to estimates of effects in category-based induction, which also vary across paradigms and between labs, depending on details of the problems and subject populations (Hayes and Chen, 2008; Hayes and Newell, 2009; Murphy and Ross, 2010b). Thus, although people tend to pay more attention to the alternative category than they generally do in category-based induction tasks, the rate of multiple-category use once these unthinking instances of it are excluded does not seem very different in these two tasks.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

“…Previous research in a related field, category-based induction, has found that people often only consider a single category when making predictions based on category information despite clearly knowing that the categorization was uncertain (Murphy and Ross, 1994; Hayes and Chen, 2008; Hayes and Newell, 2009; Murphy et al, 2012). Malt et al (1995), Ross and Murphy (1996), and Hayes and Chen (2008) used vignettes about real-life situations to study induction when categorization is uncertain. For example, one vignette might describe an unknown person who was most likely to be a real estate agent (the target category) but who could have been a cable repair worker or—in a different condition—a burglar (the secondary category).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Decision making under uncertain categorization

2014

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Two experiments investigated how category information is used in decision making under uncertainty and whether the framing of category information influences how it is used. Subjects were presented with vignettes in which the categorization of a critical item was ambiguous and were asked to choose among a set of actions with the goal of attaining the desired outcome for the main character in the story. The normative decision making strategy was to base the decision on all possible categories; however, research on a related topic, category-based induction, has found that people often only consider a single category when making predictions when categorization is uncertain. These experiments found that subjects tend to consider multiple categories when making decisions, but do so both when it is and is not appropriate, suggesting that use of multiple categories is not driven by an understanding of whether categories are relevant to the decision. Similarly, although a framing manipulation increased the rate of multiple-category use, it did so in situations in which multiple-category use both was and was not appropriate.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decision making under uncertain categorization

2014

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“…Importantly, this pattern was not because clinicians essentialized categories less overall, in that clinicians and laypeople similarly endorsed the presence of causal essences in medical disorders and other types of categories outside of the expert's domain of expertise. This finding is similar to work showing that clinical experience promotes reasoning differently about categories, but only in the specific domain of expertise (Hayes & Chen, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 88%

The influence of expertise on essence beliefs for mental and medical disorder categories

Cooper

Marsh

2015

Cognition

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“…By comparing these predictions across subjects who received different alternative categories, we could evaluate whether the categories had the expected effects. In fact, under most conditions, people's answers to these predictions do not differ across these two groups [6], [7], [8]. That is, once people decide that the person in white is most likely the nurse, it makes no difference whether the person might instead be an orderly or doctor, even though the probability of the alternative category ranged from 25–50% (as rated by other subjects).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Influence of Emotionally Charged Information on Category-Based Induction

Zhu

Murphy

2013

PLoS ONE

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Categories help us make predictions, or inductions, about new objects. However, we cannot always be certain that a novel object belongs to the category we are using to make predictions. In such cases, people should use multiple categories to make inductions. Past research finds that people often use only the most likely category to make inductions, even if it is not certain. In two experiments, subjects read stories and answered questions about items whose categorization was uncertain. In Experiment 1, the less likely category was either emotionally neutral or dangerous (emotionally charged or likely to pose a threat). Subjects used multiple categories in induction when one of the categories was dangerous but not when they were all neutral. In Experiment 2, the most likely category was dangerous. Here, people used multiple categories, but there was also an effect of avoidance, in which people denied that dangerous categories were the most likely. The attention-grabbing power of dangerous categories may be balanced by a higher-level strategy to reject them.

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Clinical expertise and reasoning with uncertain categories

Cited by 24 publications

References 18 publications

Decision making under uncertain categorization

Decision making under uncertain categorization

The influence of expertise on essence beliefs for mental and medical disorder categories

Influence of Emotionally Charged Information on Category-Based Induction

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