“…21 Considering the antitumor potential of VALE observed in vitro, clinical case studies were subsequently carried out, which demonstrated complete remission and strong improvement with topical treatment of an ointment with 10% VALE in basal cell carcinoma, actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma. 16,22 Despite the potential anticancer effects of VALE, it is challenging to deliver its active compounds topically or via the gastrointestinal tract using conventional pharmaceutical preparations. These challenges are mainly due to poor solubilization of the extract related to its lipophilic characteristics.…”