Clinical evaluation of a citric acid inhaler for smoking cessation

Behm, Frédérique M.; Schur, C.; Levin, Edward D.; Tashkin, D.P.; Rose, Jed E.

doi:10.1016/0376-8716(93)90065-x

Cited by 54 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This process, in effect, does not consider the sensorimotor cues thought to be very important in the addiction process. Several previous studies have shown that the sensory airway effects of smoking are important in relieving craving for cigarettes, as well as facilitating smoking abstinence (4,12,14). A sound theoretical basis predicts that smoking cessation treatments that address both sensorimotor and pharmacological aspects of a smoker's addiction will be more efficacious than either approach alone (74).…”

Section: Nicotine May Not Be the Only Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Baldiner et al (2) has suggested that the tar level of the product, not nicotine, seems to regulate puffing behavior. Brauer et al (4) reviewed nine clinical trials that looked at the sensory impact of denicotinized cigarettes and concluded that denicotinized cigarettes help reduce cravings and withdrawal for cigarettes, especially among highly dependent smokers. This could be explained by classical conditioning theory, where inhalation impact turns to a conditioned stimulus as a result of being associated with nicotine exposure, which can function as an unconditioned stimulus.…”

Section: Nicotine May Not Be the Only Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Smoking Behavior

Cummings

Hyland²

2005

Annu. Rev. Public Health

118

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This review summarizes evidence pertaining to the role of nicotine medications in smoking cessation and focuses particularly on evaluating evidence of the impact that nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) have had on altering population trends in smoking behavior. Accumulated evidence from controlled clinical trials has demonstrated that available forms of NRT (e.g., gum, transdermal patch, nasal spray, inhaler, and lozenge) increase quit rates compared with placebos by 50%-100%. However, despite the positive results from these studies, fewer than one in five smokers making a quit attempt do so with the benefit of NRT. Because not enough smokers are using NRT, the availability of NRT has not had a measurable impact on influencing population trends in smoking behavior. Among the factors contributing to the low utilization of nicotine medications are the inadequacies of the current dosage strengths and formulations of existing medications, smokers' perceptions of the high cost of the drugs, and concerns that many smokers have about safety and efficacy of nicotine medications. INTRODUCTIONConsiderable evidence supports the view that cigarette smoking is primarily maintained by an addiction to nicotine (51,91). Nicotine creates dependence by activating the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system, and physiologic withdrawal symptoms occur when nicotine is no longer administered (59,67,71). Nicotine is an agonist of neural nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (NAChRs), which are found presynaptically in the central nervous system and postsynaptically in the autonomic nervous system (73). These receptors modulate the release of neurotransmitters. As a person's exposure to nicotine increases, NAChRs also are increased, which results in nicotine tolerance (60). Thus, factors that decrease the bioavailability of nicotine are hypothesized to increase an individual's cravings and decrease the likelihood of cessation because more of the drug is needed to achieve a given level of dopamine (13). Extrapolating from this evidence has led to the development of smoking cessation treatment methods that emphasize nicotine replacement (31). 584CUMMINGS HYLANDThe present review provides a brief summary of evidence pertaining to the role of nicotine medications, alone or in combination with other therapies in smoking cessation, and a critical analysis of the impact that these medications have had on altering population trends in smoking behavior. The discussion considers the role of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in a comprehensive population-based program developed to reduce the harms caused by tobacco. NICOTINE MEDICATION FOR SMOKING CESSATIONIn the mid-1980s, the vast majority (>90%) of former smokers reported that they stopped smoking without using medications or receiving formal assistance or help from anyone (33). However, this statistic has changed dramatically in the past two decades with the introduction and wide-scale availability of nicotine medications (46). Two-milligram prescription-only nicotine gum was first int...

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Section: Nicotine May Not Be the Only Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nicotine May Not Be the Only Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Smoking Behavior

Cummings

Hyland²

2005

Annu. Rev. Public Health

118

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“…Askorbik asit ve sitrik asit: Doksanlı yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda inhaler askorbik ve sitrik asit ile trakeal irritasyon yaratılarak sigara içme isteğinin azaldığı ve bunun sürdürülebildiği gösterilmiş olmakla birlikte literatürde bu inhalerler ile ilgili 2000'li yıllara ait çalışma sonucu mevcut değildir (19)(20)(21) .…”

Section: üSt Solunum Yollarını İrrite Eden Maddelerunclassified

Other Pharmacological and Developing Treatments in Smoking Cessation/Nicotine Vaccines

Salepçi¹

2017

GGHS

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“…The citric acid aerosol significantly reduced craving compared to controlled puffs of air [12], to a placebo aerosol which was unflavoured [13,14], and produced effects comparable to a low nicotine and tar cigarette [12]. Any craving relief from the citric acid aerosol may however be shortlived; Levin et al found significant craving reduction in the morning, compared to the placebo group, but no differences between groups at later time points [13].…”

Section: Non-nicotine Inhalators and Aerosolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Sensorimotor Replacement on Smoking Cessation and Craving

Przulj¹

2012

TOADDJ

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Current treatments for smoking cessation such as nicotine replacement therapy or varenicline address the primary reinforcer of smoking (nicotine), but sensorimotor stimuli (e.g. smell/taste of smoke, inhaling/exhaling, airway sensations, holding the cigarette) may act as secondary reinforcers and also contribute to smoking reward. Addressing both these aspects of smoking may help to enhance smoking cessation treatment. The aim of this review was to examine whether sensorimotor replacement can help to alleviate craving and aid smoking cessation. Three sensorimotor replacement products were examined: non-nicotine inhalators/aerosols, de-nicotinised cigarettes and electronic cigarettes. The current research suggests that sensorimotor replacement may enhance the efficacy of nicotine replacement therapy, but is unlikely to be useful if used alone. Electronic cigarettes may be the most promising approach, due to the combination of nicotine delivery and sensorimotor input.

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Clinical evaluation of a citric acid inhaler for smoking cessation

Cited by 54 publications

References 12 publications

Impact of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Smoking Behavior

Impact of Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Smoking Behavior

Other Pharmacological and Developing Treatments in Smoking Cessation/Nicotine Vaccines

The Effect of Sensorimotor Replacement on Smoking Cessation and Craving

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