ocular allergy is one of the most frequently encountered conditions in clinical eye care-epidemiologic reports have shown that it affects up to 60 million uS citizens. 1 The eye, being continually exposed to the external environment, is a common site of allergic inflammation. The classic clinical signs of this inflammation are seen in the conjunctiva. allergic conjunctivitis (ac) manifests as a immunoglobulin E (igE) hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when the ocular surface is exposed to external antigens. [2][3][4] These antigens include airborne pollen, animal dander, and other environmental antigens. 3,5 Even though these environmental antigens are not always threats to the ocular surface, they elicit an inappropriate adaptive immune response in some individuals, leading to this hypersensitivity reaction. Sac is most commonly caused due to exposure to pollens from grasses, trees, ragweed, or other seasonal plants. it therefore tends to occur frequently in spring and autumn, which are seasons associated with higher levels of these airborne allergens. 11 While the most obvious solution would be avoidance of the causative agents, this may not always be practical. The most commonly used nonpharmacologic interventions include cold compresses, lubrication, such as artificial tears, and the daily disposal of contact lenses in patients who are wearers. 12 Saline eye drops have been described as effective in reducing signs and symptoms in 30-35 % of cases.
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AbstractThe most common ocular manifestation of allergy, allergic conjunctivitis (ac), is the result of a hypersensitivity response occurring after exposure of the ocular surface to airborne antigens. Treatment options for ac comprise antihistamines, mast cell stabilizers, dual-acting mast cell stabilizer-antihistamines, corticosteroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSaids), and combinations thereof. despite clinical evidence to support the use of antihistamines, such as levocabastine, antihistamines are unable to mitigate all symptoms of ac because histamine is not the only mediator released during the allergic inflammatory response and has no direct effect on inflammatory cells involved in clinical symptoms. dual-acting mast cell stabilizer-antihistamines, such as bepotastine, alcafatidine, epinastine, ketotifen, and olopatadine, have a broader effect than antihistamines alone. corticosteroids inhibit the entire inflammatory cascade and therefore offer the most complete option for ac, although their use has been limited due to concerns about increased intraocular pressure (ioP) and the potential for cataract formation with extended use. loteprednol etabonate (lE) has a decreased effect on ioP and cannot form Schiff base intermediates with lens protein, which is considered a first step in cataractogenesis. The efficacy and safety of lE in the treatment of seasonal ac (Sac) has been demonstrated in clinical trials.