“…Leadership skills play an important role in delivery of safe and effective health services as well as the motivation and retention of health-care workers (Bradley et al , 2015; Dorros, 2007). Management and leadership competency gaps can be seen in the health-care systems of both more economically developed countries such as the UK (Ireri et al , 2017), the USA (Fernandez et al , 2016), The Netherlands (Berkenbosch et al , 2011), Mexico (Cabrera-Pivaral et al , 2017) and Italy (Lega and Sartirana, 2016) as well as the low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (Yamey, 2012) such as India (Gulati et al , 2019; Gulati et al , 2021), South Africa (Pillay, 2010), Uganda (Tetui, 2017), Bhutan (Dorji et al , 2019) and Liberia (Rowe et al , 2010). Hence, it seems reasonable to argue that the health system contexts, legislative frameworks and governance systems in which health-care leadership capacity is sought exacerbate the situation (Pihlainen et al , 2016).…”