Clinical Characterization of Oculomotricity in Children with and without Specific Learning Disorders

Bilbao, Carmen; Piñero, David P.

doi:10.3390/brainsci10110836

Cited by 7 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The results of the current study in terms of oculomotricity are consistent with those reported by previous authors [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Mahone et al [ 5 ] found deficits in oculomotor response (response inhibition) in 60 children with ADHD compared with 60 controls.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…A great variety of scientific studies have confirmed the presence of significant alterations in oculomotricity in children with neurodevelopmental disorders [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. However, these altered oculomotor patterns are not specific to this type of disorders [ 4 ], as they are also present in healthy children, and they have the potential to affect reading [ 36 ]. Therefore, children with oculomotor alterations and reading problems cannot be diagnosed as having a neurodevelopmental disorder, such as dyslexia, as the diagnosis of this type of conditions is very complex and requires a multidisciplinary approach [ 17 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dyslexia was present in 15 children, ADHD in 7 children, and a diagnosis of the motor disorder DCD was made in the remaining 6 children. According to previous studies, these children were expected to have oculomotor abnormalities in most cases [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. The same exclusion criteria as those used in the other two groups were considered.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among neurodevelopmental motor disorders, DCD is characterized by deficits in the acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills, and is manifested by clumsiness and slowness or inaccuracy in the performance of motor skills that cause interference with activities of daily living [ 1 ]. All these neurodevelopmental conditions have been associated with different alterations of ocular movements with potential impact on learning and reading activities [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ], leading in some cases to the establishment of incorrect causal relationships [ 9 ], even though reading difficulties are not relevant for the diagnostic criteria of DCD or ADHD [ 1 ]. Furthermore, there are even doubts about the most adequate criteria for diagnosing oculomotor alterations in this type of disorders [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution of Visual and Oculomotor Alterations in a Clinical Population of Children with and without Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Bilbao

Piñero

2021

Brain Sciences

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A prospective, non-randomized comparative study was conducted to compare the distribution of oculomotor and visual alterations in children with neurodevelopmental disorders and healthy children without such disorders. Sixty-nine children (aged 6–13 years) were enrolled and divided into three groups: a control group (CG) of 23 healthy children; a group of 18 healthy children with oculomotor abnormalities (OAG); and a group of 28 children with a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDDG), with 15 cases of dyslexia, 7 cases of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and 6 cases of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Significantly worse near stereopsis was found in NDDG compared with CG (p < 0.001) and OAG (p = 0.001). Likewise, a significantly lower amplitude of accommodation was found in NDDG compared with CG in both the right (p = 0.001) and left eyes (p < 0.001). No statistically significant differences between groups were found in the measurement of near and distance phoria (p ≥ 0.557), near point of convergence (p = 0.700) and fusional vergences (p ≥ 0.059). Significantly impaired oculomotor test scores were found in NDDG compared with CG (p < 0.001), with no significant differences between OAG and NDDG (p ≥ 0.063). The comparison between the three types of neurodevelopmental disorders included revealed the presence of a significantly lower amplitude of accommodation in children with DCD compared with dyslexics. Furthermore, less exophoria at near was present in children with dyslexia compared with children with ADHD (p = 0.018) and DCD (p = 0.054). In conclusion, children with dyslexia, ADHD and DCD show an altered oculomotor pattern and a more reduced amplitude of accommodation, not always compatible with the diagnostic criteria of an accommodative insufficiency. Accommodative and binocular vision problems are not always present in these children and cannot be considered an etiologic factor.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Distribution of Visual and Oculomotor Alterations in a Clinical Population of Children with and without Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Bilbao

Piñero

2021

Brain Sciences

Self Cite

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“…Some procedures, such as gross observations of eye movements, have found a relationship with reading disability. 26 , 27 Compared to the DEM test, the gross observation of eye movements is considered to have a different accuracy (see validity paragraph below). The NSUCO (Northeastern State University College of Optometry) 26 oculomotor test is a standardized method and scoring of observational eye movement testing (saccades and pursuit).…”

Section: Application Of Dem Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spotlight on the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) Test

Facchin¹

2021

OPTO

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The developmental eye movement (DEM) test is a practical and simple method for assessing and quantifying ocular motor skills in children. In this review, a summary of the literature relevant to the DEM test has been made, its psychometric properties and its pros and cons have also been considered. The DEM test provides clinicians with a simple method of measuring eye movement using a psychometric test. Over the years, many studies have enabled the identification of the strengthens and weaknesses of this test apart from outlining the psychometric properties. The validity of the test has been checked and expanded over time and studies have shown that the DEM test measures an aspect of eye movement related to reading, rather than purely parameters associated with eye-movement. Some reservations have emerged regarding the repeatability of the test because a degree of learning effect emerges over multiple sessions. Being aware of this point allows correct clinical application and interpretation of the test. Normative data in children were available for nine languages and countries. So far, DEM test could be applied clinically in each case when a rapid test of eye movement was required, such as in testing for vision-related visual problems.

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Visual-processing deficits in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: A clinical marker of reading difficulties

Vernet¹,

Jover²,

Bellocchi³

et al. 2022

European Journal of Paediatric Neurology

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Clinical Characterization of Oculomotricity in Children with and without Specific Learning Disorders

Cited by 7 publications

References 40 publications

Distribution of Visual and Oculomotor Alterations in a Clinical Population of Children with and without Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Distribution of Visual and Oculomotor Alterations in a Clinical Population of Children with and without Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Spotlight on the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) Test

Visual-processing deficits in children with neurofibromatosis type 1: A clinical marker of reading difficulties

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