Clinical Characteristics of Retroviral Rebound Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract

We herein report a case of retroviral rebound syndrome (RRS) complicated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Owing to the paucity of comprehensive data on RRS, we also conducted a literature review. All 19 cases included in the review presented within 2 months after the discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy. They were usually accompanied by both a significant decrease in CD4 count (median 292/μL) and a rapid increase in plasma human immunodeficiency virus loads (median 3.5×10 5 /mL). Although life-threatening complications were reported, the overall prognosis was favorable. The outcomes of this review aided in the diagnosis of the present case.

Challenges and barriers to HIV care engagement and care cascade: viewpoint

“…Health literacy refers to a person's ability to understand and use health information to make informed decisions about their health (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). Patients with low literacy may face challenges in understanding medical information, navigating healthcare systems, understanding their treatment options and medication instructions, utilizing healthcare services effectively and making informed decisions about their care (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). This can result in delays in seeking medical care and treatment, negatively impacting patient engagement, treatment adherence, and interaction with healthcare providers.…”

“…Providing comprehensive care for patients with HIV can be challenging. HIV is a complex disease requiring a collaborative and multidisciplinary care approach (13)(14)(15)(16). Physicians and nurses, in the case of HIV management, should collaborate and work closely with social workers, nutritionists, mental health professionals, and other specialists to provide patients with the appropriate care.…”

“…Physicians and nurses, in the case of HIV management, should collaborate and work closely with social workers, nutritionists, mental health professionals, and other specialists to provide patients with the appropriate care. Healthcare providers should collaborate, gather their efforts and competencies, and continuously measure, evaluate, and improve their HIV care process to address these challenges and provide patients with the support they need (8,(13)(14)(15)(16).…”

“…HIV infection is a lifelong chronic condition requiring long-term management and a complex care process. but with appropriate medical care, including ART, patients with HIV may lead to healthy lives, maintain an average life expectancy, and significantly reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to others (1,8,(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). The Long-term management and complex care for patients with HIV should focus on several key factors (1,2,(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14).…”