Clinical Characteristics, Demographics and Prognosis of Transient Left Ventricular Apical Ballooning Syndrome

Abstract

Apical ballooning syndrome occurs most commonly in women and is associated with high complication rate. There are significant differences in presenting symptoms between race and gender which warrant further investigation.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

“…[11][12][13] Pulmonary oedema, cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, and serious ventricular arrhythmias have been reported. 7,[14][15][16] A unique feature of TC is a preceding emotional or physical stressor, although in some cases, precipitant stressors have not been identified.…”

Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy or allergic acute coronary syndrome: that is the question

“…Tako-Tsubo syndrome is characterized by acute onset of chest symptoms, ECG changes with elevated cardiac markers mimicking acute myocardial infarction, left ventricular wall motion abnormalities in the apical region with preserved function of base, and normal coronary arteries [4]. Those affected are typically older women presenting after a stressful trigger, either emotional or physical.…”

Dressler’s syndrome as a complication of apical ballooning cardiomyopathy

“…[12,13] Echocardiography study (the noninvasive modality of choice for the diagnosis of the syndrome) typically reveal extensive areas of dysfunctional myocardium that cannot be attributed to a single coronary artery obstruction. [14,15] Several diagnostic criteria have been proposed in recent years, in order to identify the condition as Takotsubo syndrome. In 2015 new diagnostic criteria by the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (HFA) were published and are as follows:…”