Clinical characteristics and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction in young smokers and non-smokers (≤ 45 years): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

The effect of smoking on the prognosis of young patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is inconclusive. We enrolled 2188 young AMI patients (≤ 45 years) from the cardiac center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital and Anzhen Hospital and analyzed their clinical characteristics and prognosis. We also searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials electronic databases for January 2001 to March 2017 and considered for inclusion in a meta-analysis those clinical trials that compared prognoses of young smokers and non-smokers with AMI. The proportion of males and alcohol users was higher in young AMI smokers than in non-smokers; the proportion of hypertension was slightly lower. There was no difference in medical treatment between smokers and non-smokers. No differences were evident between smokers and non-smokers regarding in-hospital cardiac events and major adverse cardiovascular events on follow-up, including incidence of stroke. For young AMI patients, smoking did not lead to poorer prognosisin comparison with not smoking. This “smoker's paradox” needs to be confirmed by more randomized controlled multicenter prospective clinical trials.

Differences in Angiographic Profile and Immediate Outcome of Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Otherwise Risk-Free Young Male Smokers

“…Similarly, in-hospital outcomes such as post-procedure no-reflow, acute stent thrombosis, and mortality were similar for smoker and non-smoker sub-groups. Our study findings are aligned with the finding of a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Liu et al [9]. But persistent smoking after revascularization is an independent predictor of long-term reoccurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) [13,14].…”

“…According to the World Health Organization (WHO), global annual deaths attributable to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are around 17.9 million, and more than 75% of these cases are from developing countries [7]. CADs are considered to be the disease of old age, unfortunately, the incidence of CAD is increased among the younger population [8,9]. A local study reported cigarette smoking as the second most prevalent CVD risk factor, after increased BMI, among young (<45 years) patients [10].…”

<p>Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Risk Among Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in the Young Jordanian Population</p>

“…2 The burden of cardiovascular disease is a significant public concern. 3 According to Nowbar et al 4 ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the prime cause of death as it caused around 9 million deaths in 2016. 5 A report issued by the American Heart Association mentioned that approximately 17.9 million people die from heart disease that represents 31% of the total deaths in the Western countries.…”

“…[8][9][10] The major causes of cardiovascular disease are smoking, reperfusion therapy, and left ventricular ejection fraction. 3 The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) 11 stated that the prevalence of IHD in Jordan accounts for 54.7 of the annual deaths. Eshah 12 has reported a substantial lacking public awareness about IHD lead towards increased IHD related mortality.…”

Clinical investigation of acute myocardial infarction according to age subsets

“…Considering that elderly individuals are the main population with a high AMI incidence (7), this reduced incidence as mentioned above was a delightful change. Yet, the incidence of AMI among the young population has gradually shown a rising trend (6,8,9). The young population who suffers AMI can show many clinical symptoms, such as ischemic chest pain, and the clinical course is extremely short.…”