Clinical Breast Examination As the Recommended Breast Cancer Screening Modality in a Rural Community in Malaysia; What Are the Factors That Could Enhance Its Uptake?

Farid, Nik Daliana Nik; Aziz, Norlaili Abdul; Al-Sadat, Nabilla; Jamaludin, Mariam; Dahlui, Maznah

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106469

Cited by 24 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…Even so, knowledge alone may not be sufficient to prompt the correct action. In addition, it was shown that women in rural areas had lower awareness and knowledge compared to urban women (Farid et al, 2014). This may be due to limited access to health education and inability to receive BSE, CBE or mammogram due to transport or inaccessibility of tests (Farid et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apart from that, rural women were shown to have less awareness compared to those living in urban areas (Kanaga et al, 2011). In terms of knowledge, women in rural areas had an average to poor score (Farid et al, 2014). Comparing the East Coast and West Coast of Malaysia, it was revealed that women in Pahang (East Coast) had highest awareness as compared to Perak (West Coast) (Norlaili et al, 2013).…”

Section: Knowledge Of Breast Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other common reasons for not performing mammography or BSE screening include the absence of an apparent need to perform BSE, no family history of breast cancer, a lack of confidence to perform BSE or low confidence in the ability of health professionals to detect abnormalities, a high confidence in their health status, procedural cost, time constraints, embarrassment and forgetfulness (i.e. forgetting about appointments) (Parsa and Kandiah, 2010;Abdullah et al, 2011;Al-Dubai et al, 2011;Kanaga et al, 2011;Parsa et al, 2011;Al-Dubai et al, 2012;Dahlui et al, 2012;Akhtari-Zavare et al, 2013;Subramanian et al, 2013;Farid et al, 2014). Some respondents also had the belief that they should not touch their bodies, as discussed in Al-Dubai et al (Al-Dubai et al, 2012).…”

Section: Negative Perceptions and Attitudesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of the reported barriers to seeking early treatment include the lack of aspects such as social support (Rosmawati, 2010a;Al-Dubai et al, 2011), trust in the system, time, health insurance coverage, training, physician recommendation, breast cancer educational materials and transportation, language barriers, having a low income, being a single woman and not having any breast related complaints (Rosmawati, 2010b;Kanaga et al, 2011;Beshir and Hanipah, 2012;Farid et al, 2014). These issues are greatly magnified among the Orang Asli or indigenous people, as will be explained later (Farid et al, 2014). Several articles show that women are more likely to have their breasts screened when they receive encouragement from their husbands (Dahlui et al, 2012;Dahlui et al, 2013;Farid et al, 2014).…”

Section: Health-seeking Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These issues are greatly magnified among the Orang Asli or indigenous people, as will be explained later (Farid et al, 2014). Several articles show that women are more likely to have their breasts screened when they receive encouragement from their husbands (Dahlui et al, 2012;Dahlui et al, 2013;Farid et al, 2014). Malaysian women who are more likely to delay seeking treatment are those of Chinese ethnic origin, unmarried and divorced or widowed women, and those who had never performed BSE (Ghazali et al, 2013).…”

Section: Health-seeking Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of Knowledge and Cultural Perceptions of Malaysian Women with Delay in Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer: a Systematic Review

Khan¹,

Leong²,

Ming³

et al. 2015

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer mortality among women of all ethnic and age groups in Malaysia. Delay in seeking help for breast cancer symptoms is preventable and by identifying possible factors for delayed diagnosis, patient prognosis and survival rates could be improved. Objectives: This narrative review aimed to understand and evaluate the level of in-depth breast cancer knowledge in terms of clinical breast examination and breast self-examination, and other important aspects such as side-effects and risk factors in Malaysian females. Since Malaysia is multicultural, this review assessed social perceptions, cultural beliefs and help-seeking behaviour in respect to breast cancer among different ethnic groups, since these may impinge on efforts to 'avoid' the disease. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search of seven databases was performed from December 2015 to January 2015. Screening of relevant published journals was also undertaken to identify available information related to the knowledge, perception and help-seeking behaviour of Malaysian women in relation to breast cancer. Results: A total of 42 articles were appraised and included in this review. Generally, women in Malaysia had good awareness of breast cancer and its screening tools, particularly breast self-examination, but only superficial in-depth knowledge about the disease. Women in rural areas had lower levels of knowledge than those in urban areas. It was also shown that books, magazines, brochures and television were among the most common sources of breast cancer information. Delay in presentation was attributed mainly to a negative social perception of the disease, poverty, cultural and religion practices, and a strong influence of complementary and alternative medicine, rather than a lack of knowledge. Conclusions: This review highlighted the need for an intensive and in-depth breast cancer education campaigns using media and community health programmes, even with the existing good awareness of breast cancer. This is essential in order to avoid misconceptions and to frame the correct mind-set about breast cancer among women in Malaysia. Socio-cultural differences and religious practices should be taken into account by health care professionals when advising on breast cancer. Women need to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms of breast cancer so that early diagnosis can take place and the chances of survival improved.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Knowledge Of Breast Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Negative Perceptions and Attitudesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Health-seeking Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Health-seeking Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of Knowledge and Cultural Perceptions of Malaysian Women with Delay in Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer: a Systematic Review

Khan¹,

Leong²,

Ming³

et al. 2015

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Training health workers in clinical breast examination for early detection of breast cancer in low- and middle-income countries

Sayed

Ngugi

Nwosu

et al. 2023

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Background Most women living in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) present with advanced‐stage breast cancer. Limitations of poor serviceable health systems, restricted access to treatment facilities, and lack of breast cancer screening programmes all likely contribute to the late presentation of women with breast cancer living in these countries. Women are diagnosed with advanced disease and frequently do not complete their care due to a number of factors, including financial reasons as health expenditure is largely out of pocket resulting in financial toxicity; health system failures, such as missing services or health worker lack of awareness on common signs and symptoms of cancer; and sociocultural barriers, such as stigma and use of alternative therapies. Clinical breast examination (CBE) is an inexpensive early detection technique for breast cancer in women with palpable breast masses. Training health workers from LMICs to conduct CBE has the potential to improve the quality of the technique and the ability of health workers to detect breast cancers early. Objectives To assess whether training in CBE affects the ability of health workers in LMICs to detect early breast cancer. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Breast Cancer Specialised Registry, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) search portal, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to 17 July 2021. Selection criteria We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (including individual and cluster‐RCTs), quasi‐experimental studies and controlled before‐and‐after studies if they fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently screened studies for inclusion, and extracted data, assessed risk of bias, and assessed the certainty of the evidence using the GRADE approach. We performed statistical analysis using Review Manager software and presented the main findings of the review in a summary of findings table. Main results We included four RCTs that screened a total population of 947,190 women for breast cancer, out of which 593 breast cancers were diagnosed. All included studies were cluster‐RCTs; two were conducted in India, one in the Philippines, and one in Rwanda. Health workers trained to perform CBE in the included studies were primary health workers, nurses, midwives, and community health workers. Three of the four included studies reported on the primary outcome (breast cancer stage at the time of presentation). Amongst secondary outcomes, included studies reported CBE coverage, follow‐up, accuracy of health worker‐performed CBE, and breast cancer mortality. None of the included studies reported knowledge attitude practice (KAP) outcomes and cost‐effectiveness. Three studies reported diagnosis of breast cancer at early stage (at sta...

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Sexual life after mastectomy in breast cancer survivors: A qualitative study

et al. 2017

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Clinical Breast Examination As the Recommended Breast Cancer Screening Modality in a Rural Community in Malaysia; What Are the Factors That Could Enhance Its Uptake?

Cited by 24 publications

References 11 publications

Association of Knowledge and Cultural Perceptions of Malaysian Women with Delay in Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer: a Systematic Review

Association of Knowledge and Cultural Perceptions of Malaysian Women with Delay in Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer: a Systematic Review

Training health workers in clinical breast examination for early detection of breast cancer in low- and middle-income countries

Sexual life after mastectomy in breast cancer survivors: A qualitative study

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