Clinical association of metabolic syndrome, C‐reactive protein and testosterone levels with clinically significant prostate cancer

Abstract

Recently, the influence that metabolic syndrome (MetS), hormonal alterations and inflammation might have on prostate cancer (PCa) risk has been a subject of controversial debate. Herein, we aimed to investigate the association between MetS‐components, C‐reactive protein (CRP) and testosterone levels, and the risk of clinically significant PCa (Sig‐PCa) at the time of prostate biopsy. For that, men scheduled for transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate were studied. Clinical, laboratory parameters and criteria for MetS characterization just before the biopsy were collected. A total of 524 patients were analysed, being 195 (37.2%) subsequently diagnosed with PCa and 240 (45.8%) meet the diagnostic criteria for MetS. Among patients with PCa, MetS‐diagnosis was present in 94 (48.2%). Remarkably, a higher risk of Sig‐PCa was associated to MetS, greater number of MetS‐components and higher CRP levels (odds‐ratio: 1.83, 1.30 and 2.00, respectively; P < 0.05). Moreover, higher circulating CRP levels were also associated with a more aggressive Gleason score in PCa patients. Altogether, our data reveal a clear association between the presence of MetS, a greater number of MetS‐components or CRP levels >2.5 mg/L with an increased Sig‐PCa diagnosis and/or with aggressive features, suggesting that MetS and/or CRP levels might influence PCa pathophysiology.

Prostate cancer management: long-term beliefs, epidemic developments in the early twenty-first century and 3PM dimensional solutions

“…Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased primary PCa risk but not with GS value. Higher circulating CRP levels were positively correlated with higher GS and secondary PCa risk [81]. Further, MetS history is associated with poor prognosis of PCa outcomes, particularly in the case of aggressive PCa subtypes [82].…”

Prognostic significance of the CRP/Alb and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios in hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing TACE and RFA

“…16 When the growth or invasion of tumors occurs, inflammatory cytokines, for instance, tumor necrosis factor (TNF); interleukin (IL)-6, and −8; and vascular endothelial all growth factor (VEGF), are secreted by cancer cells or tumor-associated lymphocytes, which facilitates angiogenesis and the inhibition of the host immunoreaction, including that involving neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, and CRP. 17,18 Therefore, elevated levels or ratios of inflammatory cells could represent important independent patient-correlated factors associated with the prognosis of various cancers. 19,20 Among these inflammatory markers, elevated serum CRP levels could indicate that the acute-stage inflammatory response is induced by hepatocytes and regulated by systemic inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-6.…”

Sex Steroids and Adipokines in Men With Prostate Cancer and Their Relationship With Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

“…Gomez i wsp. dowodzą, że zespół metaboliczny nie tylko zwiększa ryzyko występowania raka stercza, ale wiąże się z jego większą agresywnością [39].…”