Clinical assessment of a non-invasive wearable MEMS pressure sensor array for monitoring of arterial pulse waveform, heart rate and detection of atrial fibrillation

Abstract

There is an unmet clinical need for a low cost and easy to use wearable devices for continuous cardiovascular health monitoring. A flexible and wearable wristband, based on microelectromechanical sensor (MEMS) elements array was developed to support this need. The performance of the device in cardiovascular monitoring was investigated by (i) comparing the arterial pressure waveform recordings to the gold standard, invasive catheter recording ( n = 18), (ii) analyzing the ability to detect irregularities of the rhythm ( n = 7), and (iii) measuring the heartrate monitoring accuracy ( n = 31). Arterial waveforms carry important physiological information and the comparison study revealed that the recordings made with the wearable device and with the gold standard device resulted in almost identical ( r = 0.9–0.99) pulse waveforms. The device can measure the heart rhythm and possible irregularities in it. A clustering analysis demonstrates a perfect classification accuracy between atrial fibrillation (AF) and sinus rhythm. The heartrate monitoring study showed near perfect beat-to-beat accuracy (sensitivity = 99.1%, precision = 100%) on healthy subjects. In contrast, beat-to-beat detection from coronary artery disease patients was challenging, but the averaged heartrate was extracted successfully (95% CI: −1.2 to 1.1 bpm). In conclusion, the results indicate that the device could be useful in remote monitoring of cardiovascular diseases and personalized medicine.

The Self-Calibration Method for the Vertex Distance of the Elliptical Paraboloid Array

“…x cA − x cA = ∆θ/c 2 y cA − y cA = ∆ϕ/c 2 (3) where c 2 represents the angle coefficient that needs to be calibrated. Finally, the calibration formula for the vertex distance between paraboloids can be expressed as…”

“…Sensor arrays are widely used in modern scientific research and industrial production [1][2][3]. Depending on the application requirements, sensor arrays can be designed with different geometries, including those that are linear [4], circular [5], planar [6], L-shaped [7], and so on.…”

Textile‐Based Inductive Soft Strain Sensors for Fast Frequency Movement and Their Application in Wearable Devices Measuring Multiaxial Hip Joint Angles during Running

“…Wearable electronics have been increasing in popularity—including both commercial products and peer‐reviewed reports—as the advancement of materials, electronics, and printed circuit boards (PCBs) allows a decrease in size, seamless integration, and improvements in performance . Wearable electronics can provide useful data such as pressure, biosignals and biochemical markers, and strain that can be used to provide users a variety of metrics . Optoelectric motion capture (OMC) systems are capable of providing accurate kinematic human motion data, which may be used to prevent injury and enhance performance.…”

“…Two alternatives to OMC systems include inertial measurement units (IMUs) and flexible strain sensors, both of which are not spatially limited. Textile‐based sensors have previously been developed to track strain and pressure which can be correlated to user movement …”

MEMS-Based Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Pulse Wave and Respiration Rate

“…State-of-the-art wearable devices for pulse wave measurement can be divided into two: Mechanical-and optical-based devices. Mechanical-based devices measure pulse waves by measuring the deformation of the skin above the blood vessel using force and pressure sensors [7][8][9][10][11], whereas optical-based devices use a light emitting diode (LED) to illuminate the skin and then use a photodiode to detect the amount of light transmitted or reflected from the skin's surface to calculate pulse waves [12,13]. Furthermore, for measurement of respiration rate, various wearable devices that can be attached to an area close to the nose, neck, or chest of a subject were previously proposed.…”