Clinical Applications of Three-Dimensional Printing in Cardiovascular Disease

Abstract

Cardiovascular three-dimensional (3D) printing models have been focused as an emerging technology. Using 3D volume dataset with the high-quality image obtained from CT, MRI or echocardiography, 3D printing models are produced and can provide tangible spatial perception for cardiovascular anatomy and diseases to conventional two-dimensional diagnostic imaging. Recent studies have shown the expanding feasibility of 3D printing models from procedural planning and simulation for surgical or trans-catheter interventions to training, education and communication for medical professionals and patients, particularly in complex congenital heart disease, structural heart disease, and hybrid cardiovascular surgery. With 3D printing technology and material engineering, 3D printing models can replicate not only the morphology but also the function that allows advanced physiological evaluation, procedural simulation, and a platform to 3D bio-printing. This review summarizes cardiovascular 3D printing model workflow from data acquisition to production and discusses clinical applications of 3D printing models.