“…Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells represent a novel class of immunologically active cells, demonstrating robust anti-tumor activity similar to T lymphocytes and leveraging non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted tumor-killing advantages similar to natural killer (NK) cells. 144 Studies demonstrated the ability of CIK cells to target various tumors, exhibiting anti-tumor efficacy in both murine and human subjects. 145 Pioneering research has explored the utilization of mouse or human CIK cells loaded with oncolytic VV or extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) derived from poxviruses.…”