Clinical and Pathological Findings in SARS-CoV-2 Disease Outbreaks in Farmed Mink (<i>Neovison vison</i>)

Molenaar, Robert Jan; Vreman, Sandra; Honing, Renate W. Hakze‐van der; Zwart, Rob; Rond, Jan de; Weesendorp, Eefke; Smit, Lidwien A M; Bouwstra, Ruth; Stegeman, Arjan; Poel, Wim van der

doi:10.1177/0300985820943535

Cited by 153 publications

(213 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…It was suspected that viral infection was transmitted from an infected farm worker to minks (28). Infected minks developed signs of respiratory disease ranging from watery nasal exudate to severe respiratory distress together with gastrointestinal disorders (23,62,67). Minks presented moderate to severe signs were found dead, and the necropsy finding showed severe pneumonia (67).…”

Section: Minksmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 and Animal Infection

2020

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A novel coronavirus has been reported as the causative pathogen of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in Wuhan city, China in December 2019. Due to the rapid spread of the virus worldwide, it has been announced as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). Hospitalized patients in Wuhan were associated with the Huanan seafood wholesale market where live animals, such as poultry, bats, snakes, frogs, rabbits, marmots, and hedgehogs are sold in that market which suggests a possible zoonotic infection. It was suggested that bat is the natural host of SARS-CoV-2, but the intermediate host is still unclear. It is essential to identify the potential intermediate host to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus. Pangolin is a highly suspected candidate as an intermediate host for SARS-CoV-2. Recently, SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported in cats, dogs, tigers, and lions. More recently SARS-CoV-2 infection affected minks severely and zoonotic transfer with a variant SARS-CoV-2 strain evidenced in Denmark, Netherlands, USA, and Spain suggesting animal-to-human and animal-to-animal transmission within mink farms. Furthermore, experimental studies documented the susceptibility of different animal species to SARS-CoV-2, such as mice, golden hamsters, cats, ferrets, non-human primates, and treeshrews. It is also essential to know the possibility of infection for other animal species. This short review aims to provide an overview on the relation between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and animals.

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Section: Minksmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 and Animal Infection

2020

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“…In Italy, the Netherlands and in Wuhan, antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 have been detected in cats (29)(30)(31). Recently, detected SARS-CoV-2 was detected in farmed mink (Neovison vison) that showed signs of respiratory disease and increased mortality (29,32).…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Jumping back and forth: anthropozoonotic and zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms

Munnink

Sikkema

Nieuwenhuijse

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The zoonotic origin of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is still unknown. Animal experiments have shown that non-human primates, cats, ferrets, hamsters, rabbits and bats can be infected by SARS-CoV-2. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been detected in felids, mink and dogs in the field. Here, we describe an in-depth investigation of outbreaks on 16 mink farms and humans living or working on these farms, using whole genome sequencing. We conclude that the virus was initially introduced from humans and has evolved, most likely reflecting widespread circulation among mink in the beginning of the infection period several weeks prior to detection. At the moment, despite enhanced biosecurity, early warning surveillance and immediate culling of infected farms, there is ongoing transmission between mink farms with three big transmission clusters with unknown modes of transmission. We also describe the first animal to human transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 in mink farms.One sentence summarySARS-CoV-2 transmission on mink farms.

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“…In Italy, the Netherlands and in Wuhan, antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 have been detected in cats (29,32,33). Recently, SARS-CoV-2 was detected in farmed mink (Neovison vison) resulting in signs of respiratory disease and increased mortality (29,34).…”

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confidence: 99%

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans

Munnink

Sikkema

Nieuwenhuijse

et al. 2021

Science

Self Cite

964

1,170

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Animal experiments have shown that non-human primates, cats, ferrets, hamsters, rabbits and bats can be infected by SARS-CoV-2. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been detected in felids, mink and dogs in the field. Here, we describe an in-depth investigation using whole genome sequencing of outbreaks on 16 mink farms and the humans living or working on these farms. We conclude that the virus was initially introduced from humans and has since evolved, most likely reflecting widespread circulation among mink in the beginning of the infection period several weeks prior to detection. Despite enhanced biosecurity, early warning surveillance and immediate culling of infected farms, transmission occurred between mink farms in three big transmission clusters with unknown modes of transmission. Sixty-eight percent (68%) of the tested mink farm residents, employees and/or contacts had evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Where whole genomes were available, these persons were infected with strains with an animal sequence signature, providing evidence of animal to human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within mink farms.

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Clinical and Pathological Findings in SARS-CoV-2 Disease Outbreaks in Farmed Mink (Neovison vison)

Cited by 153 publications

References 12 publications

An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 and Animal Infection

An Overview of SARS-CoV-2 and Animal Infection

Jumping back and forth: anthropozoonotic and zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 on mink farms between humans and mink and back to humans

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