Clinical and pathological effects of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in a dog with a natural co-infection

Mircean, Mircea; Ionică, Angela Monica; Mircean, Viorica; Györke, Adriana; Codea, Andrei Răzvan; Tăbăran, Flaviu; Taulescu, Marian; Dumitrache, Mirabela Oana

doi:10.1016/j.parint.2017.02.003

Cited by 36 publications

(46 citation statements)

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“…Lymph node enlargement was previously reported in dogs with microfilaremia, 6 Recently, D repens microfilariae were found ectopically in the kidneys of a dog with subsequent renal damage. 21 In conclusion, D repens is an etiological agent found in purulent, granulomatous or eosinophilic dermatitis, or panniculitis of dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…These parasites might also migrate into an already existing transudate, generating a secondary inflammatory reaction. Although body cavities are not the usual habitat of D repens , ectopic presence of this parasite in the pelvic cavity and mesentery has recently been reported in a dog . Regarding modified transudates in the pericardium, microfilariae could be incidental; however, a heavy infestation might contribute to severe circulatory disturbances, which lead to the accumulation of modified transudates in the pericardium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The effect of the D repens infestation on a dog's health seems to be underestimated. Recently, D repens microfilariae were found ectopically in the kidneys of a dog with subsequent renal damage …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dirofilaria repens—An etiological factor or an incidental finding in cytologic and histopathologic biopsies from dogs

Paździor-Czapula

Otrocka-Domagała

Myrdek

et al. 2018

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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Dirofilaria repens is an endemic, zoonotic parasite of carnivores, causing subcutaneous dirofilariasis, which is mostly asymptomatic. The aim of this study was to describe 22 cases of canine subcutaneous dirofilariasis. The cytologic and histopathologic samples were collected from dogs, which presented with various clinical signs such as cutaneous/subcutaneous nodules, hydropericardium, ascites, and lymphadenomegaly. The cytologic or histopathologic examination revealed purulent, pyogranulomatous, granulomatous or eosinophilic dermatitis/panniculitis, and the presence of D repens microfilariae or adults. The microfilariae or adults were also found incidentally in neoplastic cutaneous or subcutaneous tumors and in a sialocele. For the first time, microfilariae were also detected and described in pericardial and abdominal effusions and in enlarged reactive lymph nodes. Although it is well known that D repens can cause dermatitis and panniculitis in dogs, no previous reports of D repens microfilariae in body cavity fluids were found. The role of this parasite in the accumulation of body cavity fluid or in reactive lymphadenomegaly requires further investigation. Due to its zoonotic potential, and apparently underestimated pathogenicity, each case of canine subcutaneous dirofilariasis should be treated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Dirofilaria repens—An etiological factor or an incidental finding in cytologic and histopathologic biopsies from dogs

Paździor-Czapula

Otrocka-Domagała

Myrdek

et al. 2018

Veterinary Clinical Pathol

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“…Theoretically, exchange between D. immitis and D. repens is hardly possible in natural conditions, because these filariae do not share the same site and the adult worms will not have contact inside the host organism [51]. In addition, it was reported that each genotype of Wolbachia has a specific filarial host [37], and the living worms can release their Wolbachia into host tissues [39]. We believe that the presence of a determined genotype of Wolbachia is a reliable marker for the presence of its filarial host.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sequencing was performed using 3500xL Genetic Analyzer (3500xL), the capillary electrophoresis fragment analyzer (Applied Biosystems®). The nucleotide sequences were assembled and edited using ChromasPro 2.0.0 and were then checked using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) [39].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a multiplexed qPCRs-based approach for the diagnosis ofDirofilaria immitis, D. repens,Acanthocheilonema reconditumand the others filariosis

Laidoud

Davoust

Varloud³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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27Background: The frequent canine filariosis are caused by zoonotic filarial nematodes 28 called Dirofilaria immitis, D. repens and Acanthocheilonema reconditum (Spirurida: 29 Onchocercidae). The absence of reliable diagnostic tools to diagnose and discriminate 30 between these infections as well as their different forms constitutes a major obstacle to 31 their control. The serological diagnosis of heartworm disease has recently shown both 32 sensitivity and specificity problems. 33Findings: Herein, we developed and set up a novel molecular approach for an improved 34 detection of the occult and non-occult filarioses, especially those caused by A. 35 reconditum, D. immitis and D. repens as well as their differential diagnosis based on 36 qPCRs assays. This approach designated the "Combined multiplex approach", proceeds 37 as follows: Filaria and wolbachia identification using the newly customized 28S-based 38 pan-filarial and 16S-based pan-wolbachia qPCRs, respectively, followed by the fast 39 typing method of positive samples using the triplex qPCR targeting A. reconditum, D. 40 immitis and D. repens, and a duplex qPCR targeting Wolbachia of D. immitis and that of 41 D. repens. The analytical sensitivity of the newly qPCR systems was confirmed by the 42 detection limit of wolbachia and filaria DNA ranged from 5E -1 to 1.5E -4 mf/ml of blood 43 with an R² higher than 0.99, Cohen's Kappa agreement ranged from 0.98 to 1. The 44 approach was complemented by a pan-filarial COI and pan-Wolbachia ftsZ PCR for the 45 identification of other filarial parasites and their Wolbachia, respectively. 46 When tested on clinical samples, the results are as follows: 29.2 % (49/168) tested 47 positive to at least filariae or wolbachiae DNA. 19 samples of them tested positive for 48 filarial DNA, 9 for wolbachia DNA and 21 for both. Filarial species and Wolbachia 49 genotype were also identified by the combined multiplex approach from all the positive 50 samples. The single DNA of D. immitis was identified in 12 samples, D. repens in 7, and 51 3 A. reconditum in 15 samples, the co-infection was observed in 5 samples, 4 for both 52Dirofilaria and one harbored the three species. Therefore, 22 samples were positive for 53 Wolbachia endosymbiont of D. immitis, 3 for that of D. repens and 5 for both genotypes. 54A newly duplex qPCR developed for the differential diagnosis of heartworm and French 55 heartworm (Angiostrongylus vasorum) was successfully validated in vitro. However, no 56 DNA of this latter was detected in canine blood samples used in this study. The 57 immunochromatographic test for dirofilariasis antigen during evaluation before and after 58 thermal pretreatment of sera showed substantial agreement (K=0.6) and weak agreement 59 (K=0.15), respectively. 60 Conclusion:The proposed molecular tool targeting filarial genes and associated 61 Wolbachia genes is a reliable tool for the exploration and diagnosis of occult and non-62 occult canine filariasis. We believe that the current diagnosis of heartworm based on...

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Current trends in canine dirofilariosis in Austria—do we face a pre-endemic status?

Sonnberger¹,

Duscher

Fuehrer

et al. 2020

Parasitol Res

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A retrospective study based on cases of canine dirofilariosis presented to the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna or diagnosed by private practitioners throughout Austria, from 1998 to 2018 was conducted to investigate the long-term development and current state of canine dirofilarial infections in Austria. Included in this study were 146 dogs which were tested positive for D. immitis and/or D. repens. The most commonly used diagnostic methods and the probable geographical origins of the infections were evaluated and the treatment protocols applied were compared with each other and with the literature. The results show that most infections were found due to screening for common travel infections using antigen-ELISA or PCR-testing, or by the incidental finding of microfilariae. Remarkably, only 24.3% of all cases presented showed clinical signs indicating canine dirofilariosis. Regarding the origin and travel history of the dogs, thirteen different countries could be identified. The three treatment protocols used showed a similar outcome after 8 months of treatment and minor side effects, which is consistent with the literature. An alarming increase in reported infections with both D. immitis and D. repens in Austria was noted since 2014. The number of documented cases had almost tripled by 2018, raising severe concerns about the threat of it becoming endemic in Austria. Therefore, the existing recommendations in current guidelines regarding canine dirofilariosis should be widely publicised and more strictly enforced. Prophylactic measures for dogs travelling abroad and diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for dogs imported from endemic countries should be obligatorily established throughout Europe, to reduce the risk of further spread of canine filarial infections to non-endemic regions.

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Clinical and pathological effects of Dirofilaria repens and Dirofilaria immitis in a dog with a natural co-infection

Cited by 36 publications

References 12 publications

Dirofilaria repens—An etiological factor or an incidental finding in cytologic and histopathologic biopsies from dogs

Dirofilaria repens—An etiological factor or an incidental finding in cytologic and histopathologic biopsies from dogs

Development of a multiplexed qPCRs-based approach for the diagnosis ofDirofilaria immitis, D. repens,Acanthocheilonema reconditumand the others filariosis

Current trends in canine dirofilariosis in Austria—do we face a pre-endemic status?

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