Clinical and Pathologic Evaluation of Chronic<i>Bartonella henselae</i>or<i>Bartonella clarridgeiae</i>Infection in Cats

Kordick, Dorsey L.; Brown, T. T.; Shin, KwangOk; Breitschwerdt, Edward B.

doi:10.1128/jcm.37.5.1536-1547.1999

Cited by 179 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Similar results have been observed for cats experimentally infected with B. henselae (23,40). Western blotting has been used both in humans (18,35,36) and cats (20,31) for detection of Bartonella species-specific antibodies. In the present study, at least 12 prominent immunoreactive protein bands were identified when sera from B. koehlerae-infected cats were blotted against B. koehlerae OMPs.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

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Experimental Infection of Domestic Cats withBartonella koehleraeand Comparison of Protein and DNA Profiles with Those of OtherBartonellaSpecies Infecting Felines

Yamamoto¹,

Chomel²,

Kasten³

et al. 2002

J Clin Microbiol

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Bartonella koehlerae, a recently described feline Bartonella species, was isolated from two naturally infected cats in northern California. We experimentally infected domestic cats with B. koehlerae to establish the microbiological and immunological characteristics of this infection in cats and to compare it to infections with those caused by B. henselae and B. clarridgeiae. Four cats were inoculated intradermally with B. koehlerae (8.6 ؋ 10 7 to 3.84 ؋ 10 8 CFU/ml). None of the cats presented any obvious clinical signs, but all cats developed bacteremia, which peaked at 3.36 ؋ 10 4 to 1.44 ؋ 10 6 CFU/ml of blood between day 14 and day 36 postinoculation. B. koehlerae-inoculated cats had a bacteremia duration (mean, 74 days) shorter than did cats inoculated with B. clarridgeiae (mean, 324 days) (P ‫؍‬ 0.03). None of the four cats inoculated with B. koehlerae had bacteremia relapse. As shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using B. koehlerae outer membrane protein (OMP) antigens, the four cats developed a species-specific antibody response, and ELISA testing using other feline Bartonella OMP antigens showed statistically lower optical density values. All four cats developed similar antibody reactivity patterns to B. koehlerae OMP antigens as seen by Western blotting, each with at least 20 seroreactive protein bands. Using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, protein profile differences were observed for both whole-cell lysate and OMPs from B. koehlerae, compared with B. henselae and B. clarridgeiae. B. koehlerae was more closely related to B. henselae than to B. clarridgeiae by protein profile, and this relatedness was also confirmed by analysis of the genomic DNA profiles by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…SDS-PAGE analysis has been performed to differentiate and classify Bartonella species and types (31,35,44). Distinctive protein profiles, especially among proteins smaller than 54 kDa, were observed among nine different Bartonella species (35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Infection of Domestic Cats withBartonella koehleraeand Comparison of Protein and DNA Profiles with Those of OtherBartonellaSpecies Infecting Felines

Yamamoto¹,

Chomel²,

Kasten³

et al. 2002

J Clin Microbiol

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“…In the present experiment, two of three naturally infected cats (Cats A and B) showed relapsing bacteremia and persistent infections. A similar phenomena has been reported in previous reports on naturally infected cats (1) as well as on cats experimentally infected with the peripheral blood from naturally infected cats (16,17). In addition, specific-pathogen free (SPF) cats inoculated with multiple strains containing genetically distinct organisms also showed repeated bacteremia infections (10,30).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Predominant T Helper 2 Immune Responses againstBartonella henselaein Naturally Infected Cats

Kabeya

Sase

Yamashita

et al. 2006

Microbiology and Immunology

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Accumulating studies have demonstrated that Bartonella henselae is associated with a spectrum of human diseases including cat-scratch disease (CSD), bacillary angiomatosis, peliosis hepatis, endocarditis, relapsing fever and bacteremia in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised persons (6,18,25,(27)(28)(29). It has been found that bacteremic cats play an important role as a reservoir of B. henselae (5,13,22). Despite high levels of bacteria in cats for many months, most bacteremic cats are asymptomatic, and the pathogenesis and mechanisms of the establishment of persistent infection by B. henselae in cats are not fully understood (9, 17).B. henselae invades feline erythrocytes and endothelial cells, suggesting that the agent belongs to an intracellular pathogen (15). Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is believed to play significant roles in excluding intracellular pathogens. To evaluate the functions of CMI and humoral immunity (HI), examining the cytokine expression levels in T-lymphocytes is considered important. Because it has not been possible to assess the feline cytokine expression, there has been no information about the effectiveness of CMI against B. henselae infection in cats.In the present study, we used a quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to evaluate the induction of feline gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) and feline interleukin 4 (IL-4), which are representatives of activations of T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2), respectively. Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which is a key cytokine inducing the Th1 responses, were also examined by quantitative RT-PCR (32). The relationship between the levels of bacteremia and the Th1/Th2 cytokines were examined by using three naturally B. henselae infected cats showing relapsing bacteremia. were observed in PBMC from these infected cats after the bacteremia had peaked, showing that the T helper 2 (Th2) responses were specifically induced in the cats. Furthermore, the specific antibody titer increased, resulting in a decrease in the number of B. henselae to undetectable levels in these cats. However, the number of bacteria increased again in two of these cats at 90 and 45 days after the previous bacteremia, respectively. These results suggest that B. henselae predominantly induced IL-4 production from PBMC and resulted in stimulation of the humoral immune responses, including the secretion of specific antibodies in the cats. Furthermore, the specific antibody may play a role in eliminating the bacteria from cats partially but not completely, because relapsing bacteremia was found in these two cats. Predominant T Helper 2 Immune Responses against

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“…Prolonged periods of bacteremia have been documented in naturally infected cats for at least 15 months (Kordick et al 1995) and in experimentally infected cats for at least 454 days (Kordick et al 1999). In a study where female C57BL ⁄ 6 mice were infected with B. henselae, B. henselae-DNA could be detected for 94 days (Regnath et al 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Bartonella acquisition and transmission in Xenopsylla ramesis fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)

et al. 2011

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Bartonella are emerging and re-emerging pathogens affecting humans and a wide variety of animals including rodents. Horizontal transmission of Bartonella species by different hematophagous vectors is well acknowledged but vertical transmission (from mother to offspring) is questionable and was never explored in fleas. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the rodent flea, Xenopsylla ramesis, can acquire native Bartonella from wild rodents and transmit it transovarially. For this aim, Bartonella-free laboratory-reared X. ramesis fleas were placed on six naturally Bartonella-infected rodents and six species-matched Bartonella-negative rodents (three Meriones crassus jirds, two Gerbillus nanus gerbils and one Gerbillus dasyurus gerbil) for 7 days, 12-14h per day. The fleas that were placed on the Bartonella-positive rodents acquired four different Bartonella genotypes. Eggs and larvae laid and developed, respectively, by fleas from both rodent groups were collected daily for 7 days and molecularly screened for Bartonella. All eggs and larvae from both groups were found to be negative for Bartonella DNA. Interestingly, two of five gut voids regurgitated by Bartonella-positive fleas contained Bartonella DNA. The naturally infected rodents remained persistently infected with Bartonella for at least 89 days suggesting their capability to serve as competent reservoirs for Bartonella species. The findings in this study indicate that X. ramesis fleas can acquire several Bartonella strains from wild rodents but cannot transmit Bartonella transovarially.

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Clinical and Pathologic Evaluation of ChronicBartonella henselaeorBartonella clarridgeiaeInfection in Cats

Cited by 179 publications

References 36 publications

Experimental Infection of Domestic Cats withBartonella koehleraeand Comparison of Protein and DNA Profiles with Those of OtherBartonellaSpecies Infecting Felines

Experimental Infection of Domestic Cats withBartonella koehleraeand Comparison of Protein and DNA Profiles with Those of OtherBartonellaSpecies Infecting Felines

Predominant T Helper 2 Immune Responses againstBartonella henselaein Naturally Infected Cats

Investigation of Bartonella acquisition and transmission in Xenopsylla ramesis fleas (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)

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