Clinical and Microbiological Diagnosis of Trachoma in Children Living in Rural Areas in the District of Attock, Punjab, Pakistan

Goldschmidt, Pablo; Afghani, Tayyab; Nadeem, Muhammad; Chaumeil, C.; Barbeyrac, Bertille de

doi:10.1080/09286580600943796

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…[16] Environmental factors like climate and altitude have also been linked to trachoma. Warm and dry climate zones have reported higher trachoma prevalence rates [17], [18] while at high altitude, prevalence of trachoma is lower. [19]In addition, common risk factors for active trachoma reported by trachoma surveys conducted globally include dirty face, [20] nasal and ocular discharge, [21] flies on the face and overcrowding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Assessment of Trachoma in Underserved Population of Car-Nicobar Island, India

et al. 2013

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PurposeTo determine the burden of trachoma and its related risk factors amongst the native population of Car-Nicobar Island in India.MethodsRapid assessment for trachoma was conducted in ten villages of Car- Nicobar Island according to standard WHO guidelines. An average of 50 children aged 1–9 years were assessed clinically for signs of active trachoma and facial cleanliness in each village. Additionally, all adults above 15 years of age in these households were examined for evidence of trachomatous trichiasis and corneal opacity. Environmental risk factors contributing to trachoma like limited access to potable water & functional latrine, presence of animal pen and garbage within the Nicobari hut were also noted in all villages.ResultsOut of a total of fifteen villages in Car-Nicobar Island, ten villages were selected for trachoma survey depending on evidence of socio-developmental indicators like poverty and decreased access to water, sanitation and healthcare facilities. The total population of the selected clusters was 7277 in the ten villages. Overall, 251 of 516 children (48.6%;CI: 46.5–55.1) had evidence of follicular stage of trachoma and 11 children (2.1%;CI:1.0–3.4) had evidence of inflammatory stage of trachoma. Nearly 15%(CI:12.1–18.3) children were noted to have unclean faces in the ten villages. Trachomatous trichiasis was noted in 73 adults (1.0%;CI:0.8–1.2). The environmental sanitation was not found to be satisfactory in the surveyed villages mainly due to the co-habitance of Nicobari people with domestic animals like pigs, hens, goats, dogs, cats etc in most (96.4%) of the households.ConclusionActive trachoma and trachomatous trichiasis was observed in all the ten villages surveyed, wherein trachoma control measures are needed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid Assessment of Trachoma in Underserved Population of Car-Nicobar Island, India

et al. 2013

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“…The present trial was conducted during the first 3 weeks of February 2009 during the dry season, when the outside temperature oscillated between 24 +/– 2°C in the early morning and 34 +/– 4°C at noon (the external temperature and/or the humidity levels may interfere with the clinical assessment of the trachomatous inflammatory signs: vasoconstriction due to cold +/– high humidity may reduce the number and/or size of the follicles) [18]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and Microbiological Assessment of Trachoma in the Kolofata Health District, Far North Region, Cameroon

et al. 2012

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Background and aims: Trachoma is a sight-threatening process triggered by the infection of the conjunctiva with Chlamydiae . Blindness associated with trachoma was reported in Sahelian areas of Cameroon. However, data on the prevalence of this neglected infection in the Far North Region are not available. The aim of this study was a) to assess clinical trachoma and b) to detect Chlamydia in the conjunctiva of trachomatous populations living in the Far North Regions of Cameroon. Methods: A total of 2,423 randomly selected children (1–10 years) and 1,590 women over 14 from randomly selected villages from the Kolofata Health District (115,000 inhabitants) were included in a cross-sectional study in February 2009. Trained staff examined and obtained conjunctival swabs from trachomatous subjects. DNA was extracted and amplified to detect Chlamydia DNA by real-time PCR. The quality of sampling was assessed by quantifying the number of epithelial cells. Results: Children (2,397 or 98.9% of the predicted number) and women (1,543; 97.0%) were examined. The prevalence of follicular trachoma (TF) in children was 21% (95% CI 17.8–24.5) and of intense inflammatory trachoma (TI) 5.2% (95% CI 3.6–7.3). Among the women, trichiasis (TT) was observed in 3.4% (95% CI 2.4–4.7), corneal opacities (CO) in 1.4% (95% CI 0.8–2.3) and trachoma-related blindness in 0.9% (95% CI 0.4–1.8). Conditions related to income, illiteracy, latrines, water supply and animals wandering close to dwellings were similar in all the villages. PCR was positive in 35% of children with active trachoma and in 6% of adult females presenting TT and/or related corneal opacities. Conclusion: The prevalence of trachoma and the severe trachoma sequelae found during this survey underline the urgent need to implement efficient blindness prevention interventions to improve the visual future of the people in the Sahelian region.

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“…If blindness is to be prevented, more than 100 million people need treatment, and emphasis should be placed on measures for hygiene improvement. Trachoma continues to be hyper endemic in many of the poorest and most remote poor rural areas of Africa [1, 3, 4–7], Asia [1, 8, 9], North (Mexico), Central (Guatemala) and South America (Brazil and Colombia) [1, 10–14], Australia [15, 16] and the Middle East [1, 16]. Trachoma is a warning signal for poor sanitation and insufficient water in extreme poverty environments [1, 3, 14, 17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If no proper treatment is administered, the cornea becomes sclerotic, lost its transparency and leads to blindness. Trachoma affects women and children, the most vulnerable members of poor communities [1, 3, 7, 8]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contributions to the Improvement of Living Conditions among Neglected Populations with Trachoma

Goldschmidt

Einterz²,

Bates³

et al. 2012

Trop.Med.Health

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Objective: Trachoma (Chlamydia-triggered blinding infection) provoked irreversible visual impairment in about 8 million people in 2011, and the prevalence among children with dirty faces is more than three fold that among children with clean faces. In 250 villages with a high prevalence of trachoma (Kolofata district, Far North Region, Cameroon), the lack of water for facial cleanliness was reported during trachoma awareness campaigns. The objective of this study was to determine if the lack of water was linked with the absence of means to dig wells.Methods: Wells, waterholes, motorcycles, irrigation pumps, electricity, goats and oxen, cell phones and distance from waterholes were recorded in January 2011 in 50 randomized villages of Kolofata’s district.Results: The number of villages with <25 goats and <5 oxen was 0 and the number of adults owning <1 goat was 0. The cost of a pail of water was 0.01 USD. Motorcycles, cell phones and televisions have been reported in more than 66% of villages. The cost for the construction of lined shaft wells ranged between 15–35 goats and 0.5–3 oxen; the cost for drinking water wells ranged between 50–200 goats and 3–30 oxen.Discussion: No link between the means for digging wells at the village level and access to water was found. Social solidarity, which refers to a social debt owed by each person to his/her group, should be added to training guides to gauge its ability to release people from the dead end of having to wait for external assistance to gain access to water.

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Clinical and Microbiological Diagnosis of Trachoma in Children Living in Rural Areas in the District of Attock, Punjab, Pakistan

Cited by 4 publications

References 29 publications

Rapid Assessment of Trachoma in Underserved Population of Car-Nicobar Island, India

Rapid Assessment of Trachoma in Underserved Population of Car-Nicobar Island, India

Clinical and Microbiological Assessment of Trachoma in the Kolofata Health District, Far North Region, Cameroon

Contributions to the Improvement of Living Conditions among Neglected Populations with Trachoma

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