Clinical and microbiological characteristics of community-onset Clostridium difficile infection in The Netherlands

Bauer, Martijn P.; Veenendaal, Dick; Verhoef, Linda; Bloembergen, Peter; Dissel, Jaap T. van; Kuijper, Ed J.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02853.x

Cited by 89 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…CDI may be further defi ned according to the time of symptom onset and history of hospitalization ( 189,190 ): Health-care onset health-care facility-associated (HO-HCFA) CDI is defi ned as onset of symptoms3 days aft er admission to a health-care facility. Community onset health-care facility-associated (CO-HCFA) CDI is defi ned as onset of symptoms within 4 weeks aft er being discharged from a health-care facility.…”

Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infections

Surawicz

Brandt

Binion

et al. 2013

American Journal of Gastroenterology

1,467

1,408

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Clostridium diffi cile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of hospital-associated gastrointestinal illness and places a high burden on our health-care system. Patients with CDI typically have extended lengths-of-stay in hospitals, and CDI is a frequent cause of large hospital outbreaks of disease. This guideline provides recommendations for the diagnosis and management of patients with CDI as well as for the prevention and control of outbreaks while supplementing previously published guidelines. New molecular diagnostic stool tests will likely replace current enzyme immunoassay tests. We suggest treatment of patients be stratifi ed depending on whether they have mild-to-moderate, severe, or complicated disease. Therapy with metronidazole remains the choice for mildto-moderate disease but may not be adequate for patients with severe or complicated disease. We propose a classifi cation of disease severity to guide therapy that is useful for clinicians. We review current treatment options for patients with recurrent CDI and recommendations for the control and prevention of outbreaks of CDI. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108:478-498; doi: 10.1038/ajg.2013 12. In patients in whom oral antibiotics cannot reach a segment of the colon, such as with Hartman's pouch, ileostomy, or colon diversion, vancomycin therapy delivered via enema should be added to treatments above until the patient improves. (Conditional recommendation, low-quality evidence)13. The use of anti-peristaltic agents to control diarrhea from confi rmed or suspected CDI should be limited or avoided, as they may obscure symptoms and precipitate complicated disease. Use of anti-peristaltic agents in the setting of CDI must always be accompanied by medical therapy for CDI. (Strong recommendation, low-quality evidence) Management of severe and complicated CDI14. Supportive care should be delivered to all patients and includes intravenous fl uid resuscitation, electrolyte replacement, and pharmacological venous thromboembolism prophylaxis. Furthermore, in the absence of ileus or signifi cant abdominal distention, oral or enteral feeding should be continued. 17. Vancomycin delivered orally (500 mg four times per day) and per rectum (500 mg in a volume of 500 ml four times a day) plus intravenous metronidazole (500 mg three times a day) is the treatment of choice for patients with complicated CDI with ileus or toxic colon and / or signifi cant abdominal distention. (Strong recommendation, low-quality evidence)18. Surgical consult should be obtained in all patients with complicated CDI. Surgical therapy should be considered in patients with any one of the following attributed to CDI: hypotension requiring vasopressor therapy; clinical signs of sepsis and organ dysfunction (renal and pulmonary); mental status changes; white blood cell count ≥ 50,000 cells / μ l, lactate ≥ 5 mmol / l; or failure to improve on medical therapy after 5 days. (Strong recommendation, moderate-quality evidence) Management of recurrent CDI (RCDI)19. The fi rst recurrence of CDI can be treated ...

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Section: Appendixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infections

Surawicz

Brandt

Binion

et al. 2013

American Journal of Gastroenterology

1,467

1,408

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“…Community-acquired C. difficile infection (CA-CDI) has been reported worldwide (1,7,9,11,24). However, it is not easy to differentiate CA-CDI from hospital-acquired CDI (HA-CDI), although recommendations have been published (10).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it is still controversial to define CO-HA-CDI when patients with diarrhea visit a hospital or an outpatient clinic after hospital discharge, especially 4 to 12 weeks after discharge (3,4). At that time, pathogens other than C. difficile may also be the etiologic agents of diarrhea (1,15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Cases of Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) Presenting at an Emergency Room: Molecular and Clinical Features Differentiate Community-Onset Hospital-Associated and Community-Associated CDI in a Tertiary Care Hospital

et al. 2011

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Definition of community-onset, hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection (CO-HA-CDI) is difficult in patients presenting with diarrhea at hospitals or outpatient clinics, especially 4 to 12 weeks after the last discharge. We performed C. difficile stool culture for 272 diarrheic patients visiting the emergency room (ER) between January 2006 and June 2010. C. difficile was isolated from 36 cases (13.2%), and isolation rates increased year by year, from 10.1% in 2008 to 12.4% in 2009 and 16.7% in 2010. Among 32 toxin-positive isolates, 13 (40.6%) and 19 (59.4%) were associated with CO-HA-CDI and community-acquired CDI (CA-CDI), respectively, if cases with CDI diagnosed within 12 weeks after discharge were considered hospital associated. The majority (70%) of CO-HA-CDI cases occurred within 2 weeks after hospital discharge, although the interval from discharge to onset of symptoms was as long as 10 weeks. We found via tcdA and tcdB and repetitive sequence PCR analysis, that toxin A-positive/toxin B-positive isolates were the most prevalent in both CO-HA-CDI (53.8%) and CA-CDI (94.7%) cases. Toxin A-negative/toxin B-positive isolates were also still highly associated with HA-CDI cases but were also observed in CA-CDI cases. Younger age, fewer underlying diseases, lack of prior antibiotic use, and genetic diversity of isolates in repetitive sequence PCR were the main characteristics in CA-CDI cases visiting the ER.

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“…CA-CDI strains are genetically diverse, dominated by previously unidentified PCR ribotypes 5 . These strains often cause hospital outbreaks when patients are admitted with CDI from the community.…”

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confidence: 99%

Community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection and Australian food animals

2015

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Clostridium difficile is an anaerobic Gram positive spore-forming bacterium, the leading cause of infectious diarrhoea (C. difficile infection; CDI) in hospitalised humans. The assumption that CDI is primarily a hospital-acquired infection is being questioned. Community-acquired CDI (CA-CDI) is increasing1 particularly in groups previously considered at low risk2,3. In Australia, CA-CDI rates doubled during 2011 and increased by 24% between 2011 and 20124. Two potentially high-risk practices in Australian food animal husbandry may present a risk for CA-CDI: slaughtering of neonatal animals for food, and effluent recycling to agriculture.

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Clinical and microbiological characteristics of community-onset Clostridium difficile infection in The Netherlands

Cited by 89 publications

References 21 publications

Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infections

Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Clostridium difficile Infections

Characterization of Cases of Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI) Presenting at an Emergency Room: Molecular and Clinical Features Differentiate Community-Onset Hospital-Associated and Community-Associated CDI in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Community-acquired Clostridium difficile infection and Australian food animals

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