Clinical and Functional Correlates of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Urban Adolescent Girls at a Primary Care Clinic

Lipschitz, Deborah S.; Rasmusson, Ann M.; Anyan, Walter R.; Cromwell, Polly F.; Southwick, Steven M.

doi:10.1097/00004583-200009000-00009

Cited by 125 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Compared to traumatized adolescents without PTSD, those with PTSD were significantly more likely to have failed a grade in school or to have been suspended (Lipschitz et al, 2000). In contrast, youth with poorer academic performance in childhood were more likely to experience trauma and develop PTSD in adolescence (Breslau et al, 2004;Storr et al, 2007).…”

Section: Academic Problemsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Within this review, four studies examined only females (Brosky & Lally, 2004;Dixon et al, 2005;Lipschitz, Rasmusson, Anyan, & Cromwell, 2000;Lipschitz et al, 2003), one examined only males (Eksi et al, 2007). Twenty-two of the 32 articles reviewed have noted a relationship between PTSD and gender (see Nooner et al Elklit, 2002).…”

Section: Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two other studies included a measure of substance abuse in relation to PTSD but did not ask about specific substances (Dixon et al, 2005;Lipschitz et al, 2000). Regardless, almost all point to the fact that PTSD in adolescence is associated with increased rates of substance abuse (Deters et al, 2006;Jaycox et al, 2004;Kilpatrick et al, 2003;Lipschitz et al, 2000Lipschitz et al, , 2003Macdonald et al, 2010).…”

Section: Substance Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

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Factors Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescence

Nooner

Linares²,

Batinjane

et al. 2012

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

135

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Studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescence published from 2000 to 2011 indicate that adolescents are at greater risk of experiencing trauma than either adults or children, and that the prevalence of PTSD among adolescents is 3-57%. Age, gender, type of trauma, and repeated trauma are discussed as factors related to the increased rates of adolescent PTSD. PTSD in adolescence is also associated with suicide, substance abuse, poor social support, academic problems, and poor physical health. PTSD may disrupt biological maturational processes and contribute to the long-term emotion and behavior regulation problems that are often evident in adolescents with the disorder. Recommendations are presented for practice and research regarding the promotion of targeted prevention and intervention services to maximize adolescents' strengths and minimize vulnerabilities. Public policy implications are discussed.Keywords adolescent, trauma, posttraumatic stress, abuse, development, risk factors, suicidality, substance use Key Points of the Research Review Trauma in AdolescenceFour of five adolescents meet DSM criteria for exposure to a serious traumatic event. Of these, 3-57% meet diagnostic criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Child maltreatment is a common type of trauma for those under 18. There were over 2 million reported cases in the United States in 2008, which likely represents a fraction of the actual incidents of abuse and neglect. PTSD in AdolescenceThe average rate of adolescent PTSD was nearly 14% among studies conducted in the last decade. Rates of PTSD in adolescence are related to type of trauma. Trauma that is associated with more shame and deviance is associated with higher rates of PTSD (e.g., for sexual abuse 57% have PTSD vs. 10% for natural disasters). Risk Factors for PSTDRates of traumatic exposure peak in adolescence compared to adulthood, which is associated with correspondingly higher rates of PTSD (adult PTSD 7% vs. adolescent PTSD 13%). Adolescent females are twice as likely to develop PTSD following a significant trauma than males. Repeated trauma, regardless of type, heightens the probability of PTSD symptoms and diagnosis. Adolescents with less social support are more likely to experience trauma and develop PTSD.Serious physical health problems increase risk of PTSD in adolescence. Correlates of PTSDAdolescents with PTSD are significantly more likely to have failed a grade or to have been suspended than those without PTSD. Over 80% of individuals with PTSD have a comorbid substance-use disorder, typically beginning in adolescence. Approximately 6% of adolescents with PTSD have made a suicide attempt versus less than 2% for adolescents with no history of trauma or PTSD. Brain imaging studies relate PTSD and trauma to differences in emotion regulation, dopamine, and norepinephrine activation.

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Section: Academic Problemsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Gendermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Substance Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Factors Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescence

Nooner

Linares²,

Batinjane

et al. 2012

Trauma, Violence, & Abuse

135

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“…1,3,6,26 In a sample of health care-seeking urban African-American women, rates of current PTSD were as high as 23%. 19,27,28 In a large epidemiologic study, rates of PTSD for nonwhites was twice as high as whites (14% versus 7%); however, these higher rates were attributed to socioeconomic status and urban residence, suggesting that these factors may congregate and result in increased risk. 2,6 The chronic stress of poverty and urban living may contribute to PTSD risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experiences of Traumatic Events and Associations with PTSD and Depression Development in Urban Health Care-seeking Women

et al. 2008

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that occurs after a traumatic event and has been linked to psychiatric and physical health declines. Rates of PTSD are far higher in individuals with low incomes and who reside in urban areas compared to the general population. In this study, 250 urban health care-seeking women were interviewed for a diagnosis of PTSD, major depressive disorder, and also the experience of traumatic events. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to determine the associations between traumatic events and PTSD development. Survival analysis was used to determine if PTSD developed from assaultive and nonassaultive events differed in symptom duration. Eighty-six percent of women reported at least one traumatic event, 14.8% of women were diagnosed with current PTSD, and 19.6% with past PTSD. More than half of women with PTSD had comorbid depression. Assaultive traumatic events were most predictive of PTSD development. More than two thirds of the women who developed PTSD developed chronic PTSD. Women who developed PTSD from assaultive events experienced PTSD for at least twice the duration of women who developed PTSD from nonassaultive events. In conclusion, PTSD was very prevalent in urban health care-seeking women. Assaultive violence was most predictive of PTSD development and also nonremittance.

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“…These two studies considered the mental health effects of maltreatment on adolescents. Experiences of maltreatment have been consistently reported in the literature to have myriad impacts on psychological functioning (e.g., Bailey & McCloskey, 2005;Lipschitz, Rasmusson, Anyan, Cromwell, & Southwick, 2000;Titus, Dennis, White, Scott, & Funk, 2003). Until recently, much of the extant research regarding maltreatment and trauma symptoms had been situated in the adult literature, comprising retrospective self-reports of childhood maltreatment incidents.…”

Section: Effects Of Maltreatment Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Investigation of the Relationship Between Maltreatment and Alcohol and Other Drug (AOD) Use Among African-American and Hispanic Adolescent Girls

Gray¹

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Clinical and Functional Correlates of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Urban Adolescent Girls at a Primary Care Clinic

Cited by 125 publications

References 21 publications

Factors Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescence

Factors Related to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adolescence

Experiences of Traumatic Events and Associations with PTSD and Depression Development in Urban Health Care-seeking Women

An Investigation of the Relationship Between Maltreatment and Alcohol and Other Drug (AOD) Use Among African-American and Hispanic Adolescent Girls

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