Clinical and epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in two tertiary care hospitals of Jammu and Kashmir: An emerging disease in North India

Rather, Shagufta; Wani, Mashkoor; Shah, Faizan Younus; Bashir, Saima; Yaseen, Atiya; Giri, Firdous Ahmad; Sharma, Rajesh; Zeerak, Sumaya; Jabeen, Yasmeen; Hassan, Iffat; Dogra, Devraj; Rishi, Ruby

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.11.002

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…There was no significant association between lesion number and parasite density. Similar results have been reported in studies conducted in North India 37 and Sri Lanka. 15,21,33 The prominent pathological lesion type observed was ulcerated nodule with central crust (n = 27, 39.71%), which is consistent with existing literature, [38][39][40][41] followed by the papular type lesions (n = 17, 25.0%).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The Quest for Understanding Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Northern Province, Sri Lanka: An Analysis of Clinical Data From the District General Hospital, Vavuniya

Arulenthiran,

Murugananthan,

Amarasinghe

et al. 2023

Infect Microb Dis

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The study aimed to examine the clinical and epidemiological patterns of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in patients attending the Dermatology Unit, District General Hospital in Vavuniya, Sri Lanka. A total of 77 patients clinically suspected for CL were interviewed through a structured questionnaire and skin-lesion samples were obtained between January 2016 and January 2017. The definitive diagnosis of CL was made through microscopic identification of smears, histopathological examination of biopsies and kDNA PCR. Treatment modalities were chosen based on the location of the lesions on the body and complexity of the lesions. Of 77 suspected patients, 68 were confirmed for CL, with a mean age of 34.6 (±12.7) years, and included 54 males (79.4%) and 14 females (20.6%). Being a male was a significant risk factor (P = 0.032, OR = 4.82) associated with CL. Lesions were observed mainly on the exposed areas of the body, of which the forearm (22.1%) was the most commonly affected site. Single lesions (75.0%) and ulcerated nodules with central crust (39.7%) were the prominent features among the infected group. The age-group of 21-40 years was significantly associated with healing lesions (P = 0.028, ME = 0.55). However, a significant negative relationship was detected between ulcerated nodular lesions and lesion healing (P = 0.0436, ME = -0.375). Males are at higher risk of CL. Early diagnosis and specific treatment, along with preventive measures such as protective clothing and sand fly repellents can limit the spread of the disease. There is a need for a comprehensive approach to prevent and control the transmission of CL.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

The Quest for Understanding Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Northern Province, Sri Lanka: An Analysis of Clinical Data From the District General Hospital, Vavuniya

Arulenthiran,

Murugananthan,

Amarasinghe

et al. 2023

Infect Microb Dis

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“…The distribution of P. longiductus has also been reported from Banihal and Punch district of Jammu & Kashmir ( Lewis 1978 ), where cases of CL have been reported, however, the parasite and vector species still remain unknown, warranting further studies ( Rather et al 2021 ). In the geographic belt ranging from Jammu & Kashmir to Himachal Pradesh, a few cases of VL have been reported along the Ravi River in Chamba district but the vector species is unknown ( Raina et al 2016 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Detection of Leishmania donovani in Wild-Caught Phlebotomine Sand Flies in Endemic Focus of Leishmaniasis in Himachal Pradesh, India

Lata

Kumar

Ojha

et al. 2021

Journal of Medical Entomology

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An endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is located in the Sutlej River Valley in Himachal Pradesh (India) in the north-western Himalaya where CL co-exists with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). In areas of the Indian subcontinent such as Rajasthan, cutaneous leishmaniasis is transmitted by Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) and Phlebotomus salehi. In Himachal Pradesh, Phlebotomus longiductus (Parrot) is suspected to be the vector for CL. In the current study, sand flies were collected and tested for Leishmania infection and to confirm the vector species causing CL. Sand flies were collected during April and September of 2017–2019 from CL endemic villages of Rampur (Shimla), Nirmand (Kullu) and Nichar (Kinnaur) districts of Himachal Pradesh. The sand flies were identified as Phlebotomus (adlerius) longiductus (Parrot) and Phlebotomus (larrousisus) major (Annandale). The density of P. longiductus was found highest. The elevation of villages ranged from 947 m to 2,130 m and were far from the presence of subsoil water. Field collected sand flies tested positive (7.69%) for Leishmania donovani by PCR-RFLP. The L. donovani sequences detected from P. longiductus were 97% similar to L. donovani sequences reported from the cases of CL in Himachal Pradesh.The Leishmania positive sand flies were morphologically identified as Phlebotomus adlerious longiductus providing one step further evidence towards the vector status of CL in Himachal Pradesh. The findings of the study are of epidemiological significance for strategic planning of vector control for leishmaniasis in India.

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“…It is a disease of great importance for clinical and veterinary health, as it affects various mammalian species, including humans. Leishmaniasis is primarily a disease of low socioeconomic areas, and its occurrence is closely associated with natural disasters, deforestation, infrastructure projects, armed conflicts, and other human activities that lead to the destruction of the vector’s habitat, as well as a weakened immune system and poor living conditions [ 3 ]. According to the World Health Organization, leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases, with an estimated 12 million people currently affected, 350 million people at risk, and 0.1 million new cases each year [ 3 – 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leishmaniasis is primarily a disease of low socioeconomic areas, and its occurrence is closely associated with natural disasters, deforestation, infrastructure projects, armed conflicts, and other human activities that lead to the destruction of the vector’s habitat, as well as a weakened immune system and poor living conditions [ 3 ]. According to the World Health Organization, leishmaniasis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases, with an estimated 12 million people currently affected, 350 million people at risk, and 0.1 million new cases each year [ 3 – 5 ]. Leishmaniasis presents in six clinical forms, namely cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL), visceral leishmaniasis (VL), post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), and leishmaniasis recidivans (LR) [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, the Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) union territory (UT) has become a challenging disease focus, with the majority of cases reported from the Chenab Valley, the districts of Poonch and Rajouri in Jammu division, and Kupwara and Baramulla in Kashmir division, which have common borders with Himachal Pradesh and Pakistan, respectively. With its distinction of having hot summers and cold winters, this region’s climate is similar to that of the neighbouring country in many ways, creating a favourable environment for the Leishmania species to thrive [ 3 ]. There are now concrete efforts by WHO, and the Government of India to control/eliminate Leishmaniasis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of farnesol orally and topically against experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis: In -vivo analysis

Sharma,

Sehgal,

Jhacak

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease transmitted by an obligate intra-macrophage protozoan of the genus Leishmania through the infective bite of a vector sandfly. This study investigated the therapeutic efficacy of farnesol, a sesquiterpene compound, for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) using in vivo BALB/c mouse model. In this study, farnesol’s efficacy was compared with the standard drug, paromomycin. It was observed that farnesol significantly reduced lesion sizes and footpad thickness compared to the control group (paromomycin). Lymph node size was also significantly reduced in farnesol-treated mice, indicating its ability to control infection spread. Combination therapy with farnesol and Paromomycin did not demonstrate synergistic effects. These results highlight the potential of farnesol as an alternative therapeutic agent for CL. Further investigations are required to elucidate its mechanism of action and assess potential off-target effects. Optimization of oral delivery methods should be explored to enhance bioavailability. Overall, our findings support farnesol’s efficacy in CL treatment, offering promising prospects for improved disease management.

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Clinical and epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in two tertiary care hospitals of Jammu and Kashmir: An emerging disease in North India

Cited by 7 publications

References 33 publications

The Quest for Understanding Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Northern Province, Sri Lanka: An Analysis of Clinical Data From the District General Hospital, Vavuniya

The Quest for Understanding Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Northern Province, Sri Lanka: An Analysis of Clinical Data From the District General Hospital, Vavuniya

Detection of Leishmania donovani in Wild-Caught Phlebotomine Sand Flies in Endemic Focus of Leishmaniasis in Himachal Pradesh, India

Evaluation of farnesol orally and topically against experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis: In -vivo analysis

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