Clinical and diagnostic manifestations of tickborne mixed infection in combination with COVID-19

Abstract

The coexistence of various pathogens inside the patient’s body is one of the poorly studied and current issues. The aim of the study is to identify the relationship between the indicators of complex laboratory diagnostics and the clinical manifestations of a mixed disease during subsequent infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus using the example of a case of chronic encephalitis-borreliosis infection. Seven blood serum samples were collected from the patient over the course of a year. For the etiological verification of the causative agents of TBE, Lyme disease and COVID-19, the methods of ELISA and PCR diagnostics were used. The patient was diagnosed with Lyme disease on the basis of the detection of IgG antibodies to Borrelia 5 months after the onset of the disease, since she denied the tick bite. In the clinical picture, there was an articular syndrome and erythema migrans. Later, IgG antibodies to the TBEV were found in the blood. Throughout the study, IgM antibodies to Borrelia were not detected. The exacerbation of Lyme disease could be judged by the clinical manifestations of this disease and by the growth of specific IgG antibodies. A feature of this case was that during an exacerbation of the Lyme disease, an infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus occurred. Treatment (umifenovir, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, ceftriaxone) was prescribed, which improved the condition of the underlying disease, decreased joint pain, decreased IgG levels to borrelia. However, during this period, serological markers of TBEV appear: antigen, IgM antibodies, and the titer of IgG antibodies increases. Most likely, this was facilitated by the switching of the immune system to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, with the simultaneous suppression of borrelia with antibiotics and the appointment of hydroxychloroquine, which has an immunosuppressive effect. Despite the activation of the virus, clinical manifestations of TBE were not observed in the patient, which is most likely associated with infection with a weakly virulent TBEV strain. The further course of tick-borne infections revealed the dominant influence of B. burgdorferi in relation to TBEV. Laboratory studies have shown that suppression of the activity of the borreliosis process by etiotropic treatment subsequently led to the activation of the persistent TBEV.

Correlation between COVID-19 severity and previous exposure of patients to Borrelia spp.

“…Anti-COVID-19 treatment included umifenovir, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and ceftriaxone, and it resulted in suppression of borreliosis, as manifested by the first decrease of anti- Borrelia IgG in diagnostics. However, that report was not dedicated to possible effects of borreliosis on the course of COVID-19 17 . Piotrowski and Rymaszewska (2022) pointed out a reduced number of cases of Lyme disease registered during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland, and they concluded that it may result from limited outdoor activities in the lockdown, but possibly also from poor access of patients to the overburdened health care system 18 .…”

Correlation between COVID-19 severity and previous exposure of patients to Borrelia spp.

“…Anti-COVID-19 treatment included umifenovir, hydroxychloroquine, azithromycin, and ceftriaxone, and it resulted in suppression of borreliosis, as manifested by the rst decrease of anti-Borrelia IgG in diagnostics. However, that report was not dedicated to possible effects of borreliosis on the course of COVID-19 17 . Piotrowski and Rymaszewska (2022) pointed out a reduced number of cases of Lyme disease registered during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland, and they concluded that it may result from limited outdoor activities in the lockdown, but possibly also from poor access of patients to the overburdened health care system 18 .…”