Clinical and Biochemical Implications of Hyaluronic Acid in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Hyaluronic acid (HA) naturally occurs as a biopolymer in the human body, primarily in connective tissues like joints and skin. Functioning as a vital element of synovial fluid, it lubricates joints, facilitating fluid movement and diminishing bone friction to protect articular well-being. Its distinctive attributes encompass notable viscosity and water retention capacities, ensuring flexibility and absorbing shock during motion. Furthermore, HA has gained significant attention for its potential benefits in various medical applications, including rehabilitation. Ongoing research explores its properties and functions, especially its biomedical applications in several clinical trials, with a focus on its role in improving rehabilitation outcomes. But the clinical and biochemical implications of HA in musculoskeletal rehabilitation have yet to be fully explored. This review thoroughly investigates the properties and functions of HA while highlighting its biomedical applications in different clinical trials, with a special emphasis on its role in rehabilitation. The presented findings provide evidence that HA, as a natural substance, enhances the outcomes of musculoskeletal rehabilitation through its exceptional mechanical and biochemical effects.

The Importance of Hyaluronic Acid in Biological Systems

“…Its abundance in connective tissues, particularly joints, lubricates joints, mitigates friction, and enhances flexibility. HA's properties make it an effective therapeutic compound for musculoskeletal diseases, and its use in physical therapy and rehabilitation exercises can enhance treatment outcomes (Iaconisi et al, 2023). Hyaluronan, a versatile material, is increasingly being explored for its potential in biomedical applications like drug delivery and regenerative medicine due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and ease of chemical functionalization (Valachová, Hassan, & Šoltés, 2024).…”

“…The global market for HA is expected to grow significantly, with a projected value of USD 16.8 billion by 2030. Optimizing HA production processes is crucial for maintaining high-quality standards and affordability (Iaconisi et al, 2023). Hyaluronan (HA) is a biomaterial found in all living organisms, found in synovial fluid, embryonic mesenchyme, vitreous humor, skin, and other organs.…”

Medial or Lateral, That Is the Question: A Retrospective Study to Compare Two Injection Techniques in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis Pain with Hyaluronic Acid

“…Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative articular disease [1][2][3]. Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is the most frequent since the knee joint is particularly exposed to mechanical overloads [4], causing chronic pain and severe motor impairments, which lead to disability and loss of independence in carrying out the activities of daily living [5].…”