Clinical and biochemical aspects associated with diabetic nephropathy among type 2 diabetic males in Gaza strip

Abstract

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease, and the published data on various aspects of the disease is rare in Gaza Strip. Objective: to investigate clinical and biochemical aspects associated with DN among type 2 diabetic males in Gaza Strip. Methods: The study comprised 150 type 2 diabetic males from Gaza Strip. Data were obtained from a questionnaire interview, patients' records, and biochemical analysis of blood and urine samples. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23. Results: The prevalence of DN was 71/150 (47.3%). Duration of diabetes in patients with DN was significantly higher than in patients without DN (p<0.001). Smoking, retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and neuropathy were significantly more frequent among patients with DN (p<0.05). Serum glucose, urea, creatinine, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly higher, whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lower in patients with DN (p<0.05). Urinary albumin and Albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) were 10 to 13 times higher in patients with DN. Conversely, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was significantly lower in patients with DN (137.1±35.0 versus 187.8±70.8 ml/min/1.73m 2 , p<0.001). ACR showed significant positive correlations with duration of diabetes (r=0.311, p<0.001), glucose (r=0.308, p<0.001), urea (r=0.474, p<0.001), creatinine (r=0.356, p<0.001), cholesterol (r=0.307, p<0.001), LDL-C (r=0.319, p<0.001) and urinary albumin (r=0.942, p<0.001), and significant negative correlation with GFR (r=-0.297, p<0.001). The predicted factors of DN were duration of diabetes, smoking, retinopathy, CVD, neuropathy, glucose, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, LDL-C and GFR. The more to fewer effective predicted variables of ACR were urinary albumin, urea, creatinine, LDL-C, duration of diabetes, glucose, cholesterol and GFR. Conclusion: Management of some predicted factors of DN could delay the progression of the disease.

New Care and Aging Dynamics in China

“…Similar results were previously reported [25,26]. The significant elevation of LDH, CK and CKMB in T2DM with CVD may be explained by their specificity to CVDs diagnostic and our founding agree with others studies that illustrated cardiac enzymes have been demonstrated to be important prognostic determinants to identify high-risk patients [23,[27][28][29][30].…”

“…This result was compatible with the study that showed an association between age at onset of DM and CVD development. Based on our result, there was a positive relationship between diabetes duration and CVD complication in T2DM patients and this agrees with other study showed that duration of DM had increases the risk of CHD death independent of coexisting risk factors [21][22][23]. Furthermore, Gimeno Orna JA, et al demonstrated diabetes duration superior to 15 years significantly increased cardiovascular risk of the patients and they concluded that it could be useful to consider diabetes duration in order to stratify cardiovascular risk of type 2 diabetic patients [24].…”

Clinical and Biochemical Associations with Diabetic Retinopathy in Male Patients in the Gaza Strip

“…Diabetic retinopathy was associated with the duration of diabetes ( 34 , 35 ) and other microvascular and macrovascular complications ( 36 – 38 ). DR as expected was related to poorer glycemic control and lipid profile as well as worsening renal function ( 38 – 40 ).…”

Inflammatory Biomarkers Status and Liver Enzymes Among Hyperuricemia Patients in Gaza Strip

“…Moreover, Afzali A et al supported the association between elevated uric acid and the increased prevalence of the chronic liver disease in a prospective study [21,[26][27][28]. One potential mechanism might be responsible for the positive association between increased uric acid and elevated ALT such as Hyperuricemia and NAFLD [29].…”