Clinical Analysis for Long-Term Sporadic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Transmitted by Calves with an Acute Infection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2

Goto, Yusuke; Yaegashi, Gakuji; Fukunari, Kazuhiro; Suzuki, Tohru

doi:10.3390/v13040621

Cited by 14 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Despite this difference being highly significant on a population level ( 140 ), it cannot be applied to differentiate PI from TI animals in individual cases. Thus, the C t values vary widely, as we observed samples from PI animals providing Ct values above 35 or TI animals showing C t values lower than 20 [( 33 ) and unpublished observation]. Re-sampling the animal at least 3 weeks later resolves the issue in most cases, as the viremic phase in TI animals is usually rather short-lived.…”

Section: Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…During acute infection lasting ∼2 weeks, virus might be found in various secretions and, thus, might be further transmitted to new, susceptible hosts. However, transient infections on their own are not sufficient to sustain virus circulation for long periods in its host, with a possible exception in large herds [ (30)(31)(32)(33), and unpublished observation], which are rarely found in Switzerland. Nevertheless, transient infections might well-contribute to local transmissions bypassing the temporary absence of susceptible, pregnant animals, finally leading to the infection of naïve, pregnant animals, and to the re-emergence of new PI animals that are required for the long-term survival of this virus in its host population (23).…”

Section: Pestiviruses In Their Host Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eradication of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Cattle in Switzerland: Lessons Taught by the Complex Biology of the Virus

et al. 2021

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Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and related ruminant pestiviruses occur worldwide and cause considerable economic losses in livestock and severely impair animal welfare. Switzerland started a national mandatory control programme in 2008 aiming to eradicate BVD from the Swiss cattle population. The peculiar biology of pestiviruses with the birth of persistently infected (PI) animals upon in utero infection in addition to transient infection of naïve animals requires vertical and horizontal transmission to be taken into account. Initially, every animal was tested for PI within the first year, followed by testing for the presence of virus in all newborn calves for the next four years. Prevalence of calves being born PI thus diminished substantially from around 1.4% to <0.02%, which enabled broad testing for the virus to be abandoned and switching to economically more favourable serological surveillance with vaccination being prohibited. By the end of 2020, more than 99.5% of all cattle farms in Switzerland were free of BVDV but eliminating the last remaining PI animals turned out to be a tougher nut to crack. In this review, we describe the Swiss BVD eradication scheme and the hurdles that were encountered and still remain during the implementation of the programme. The main challenge is to rapidly identify the source of infection in case of a positive result during antibody surveillance, and to efficiently protect the cattle population from re-infection, particularly in light of the endemic presence of the related pestivirus border disease virus (BDV) in sheep. As a consequence of these measures, complete eradication will (hopefully) soon be achieved, and the final step will then be the continuous documentation of freedom of disease.

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Section: Diagnosticsmentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Pestiviruses In Their Host Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eradication of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Cattle in Switzerland: Lessons Taught by the Complex Biology of the Virus

et al. 2021

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“…Specifically, the Ct value (28.1: GE copies 280) in the serum from the calf at second sample collection period was matched to the threshold value (Ct value ≦31) of that of a putative BVDV PI animal, but it was more increased from the Ct value (19.3: GE copies 69,000) that was found in the serum at the initial sample collection period. Our previous study suggested that it is important to conduct tests using various analyses throughout multiple sample collection periods in order to accurately diagnose BVDV [35]. Therefore, we collected serum from the calf again 35 days after the initial sample collection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Calves that are under one month of age do not have a fully functional adaptive immune system [35][36][37]. Therefore, it is important to give provide enough passive immunity via colostrum in order to protect newborn calves from pathogen infection [38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Importance of Long-Term Clinical Analysis to Accurately Diagnose Calves Persistently and Acutely Infected by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2

Goto

Yaegashi

Fukunari

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection results in a wide variety of clinical manifestations and is a pathogen that is able to cause huge economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. It is important to identify cattle that are persistently infected (PI) by BVDV within the herd as early as possible because PI animals are the main reservoir of the virus. In contrast, cattle who are acutely infected (AI) with BVDV show various clinical signs, but most cattle show either mild symptoms or are asymptomatic. In general, AI and PI animals can be distinguished by repeat testing within an interval of at least 21 days. However, we found a rare case of a BVDV2-infected AI animal with long-term viral presence, making it indistinguishable from PI through two tests within an interval of 21 days. As a result, we diagnosed one infected animal as AI after 35 days from the initial sample collection via multiple analyses. Our findings recommend performing an additional test using samples that have been collected after 14–21 days from the second sample collection in cases where it is difficult to accurately differentiate an AI diagnosis from a PI diagnosis after only two tests. Additionally, our analysis exhibits that monitoring the number of copies of viruses with similar genomes in the sera by means of quantitative real-time RT-PCR through several sample collections periods might be useful to distinguish AI from PI. Furthermore, our data suggest that the AI animals with a long-term viral presence who show test results similar to those of PI animals might be the result of a coincidental combination of various factors that are present in cattle fields. These findings provide useful information that can be used to improve the diagnosis of BVDV in the field.

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“…Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a pathogen of cattle that manifests with various clinical manifestations. These may include abortion [1], congenital defects, the death of newborn calves [2], enteritis [3,4], respiratory disease, mortality [4], immunosuppression [5], emaciation [3], infertility [6] and mastitis [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Epidemiology and Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus in Tropical Indonesian Cattle

Nugroho

Silitonga²,

Reichel

et al. 2022

Pathogens

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This review aims to update the knowledge of the epidemiology of Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in Indonesia and Southeast Asia and provide a perspective on the control options for BVDV in the Indonesian cattle population in the future. Studies on BVDV in Indonesia, since its first report in that country, and the updated beef and dairy cattle industries are reviewed. In ten of 34 provinces, BVDV is endemic. The subgenotypes of BVDV-1a and BVDV-1c are predominant in Indonesian cattle. However, BVDV is currently not a priority disease to control in Indonesia. Cattle imports from Australia appear to be potentially the most significant source of transmission of BVDV into native cattle, but the control of BVDV conducted in the local quarantine facilities is currently not achieving the aim of controlling BVDV; thus, complementary measures are needed. With the small-scale nature of the vast majority of cattle breeding in the country, the control of BVDV in provinces in which cattle breeding is economically essential may need to be organised by regional and provincial governments. Gaps in our knowledge of BVDV are identified in this review, and strategies for the control of BVDV in Indonesia are discussed.

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Clinical Analysis for Long-Term Sporadic Bovine Viral Diarrhea Transmitted by Calves with an Acute Infection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2

Cited by 14 publications

References 48 publications

Eradication of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Cattle in Switzerland: Lessons Taught by the Complex Biology of the Virus

Eradication of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) in Cattle in Switzerland: Lessons Taught by the Complex Biology of the Virus

An Importance of Long-Term Clinical Analysis to Accurately Diagnose Calves Persistently and Acutely Infected by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2

The Epidemiology and Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus in Tropical Indonesian Cattle

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