Clines: an Auxiliary Taxonomic Principle

The mountain bees of the Kilimanjaro region and their relation to neighbouring bee populations

“…More important is the observation that the samples are divided into two groups by multivariate analysis, in smaller bees below and in larger bees above 2 000 m of altitude. At first sight the variation within each group seems to be random and independent of altitude and is classified as &dquo;discontinuous horizontally-stepped cline&dquo; within a Formenkreis (Huxley, 1939). Our attempt to fit the data either to a linear regression or to a step function gave no result since both functions are identical (Table 111) (Ruttner, 1988 (Ruttner, 1988 Hamilton, 1982;Nagel, 1987 (Hamilton, 1982) is the checktest, the study of elements of the African savanna.…”

Allozyme variation in Louisiana irises: a test for introgression and hybrid speciation

“…The distribution of the genotypic variation in the Bayou L'ourse population does not appear to have a "clinal" (Huxley, 1938) pattern. Arnold et a!.…”

Using Environmental Correlations to Identify Loci Underlying Local Adaptation

“…There are many other examples of phenotypic adaptations to local environments, including cyptic pigmentation in deer mice (Sumner 1929;Mullen and Hoekstra 2008), body size and pigmentation gradients in Drosophila (e.g., Coyne and Beecham 1987;Huey et al 2000;Pool and Aquadro 2007), skin pigmentation clines in humans (Relethford 1997), and toxic soil resistance in plants ( Jain and Bradshaw 1966). Such patterns were among the earliest types of evidence used to demonstrate the action of local adaptation as a force driving phenotypic differences between populations within a species (e.g., Huxley 1939;Mayr 1942).…”