Climate, weather and the yield of tea

Carr, M. K. V.; Stephens, William

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2326-6_4

Cited by 65 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Soil temperature (T s ) influences the growth of the tea plant (Carr 1972, Othieno 1982, Carr and Stephens 1992). High T s during the daytime associated with low T s during the night induces early flowering of the tea plant and reduces its vegetative growth.…”

Section: Soil Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and nutritional requirements for tea cultivation

Hajiboland

2017

Folia Horticulturae

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Tea (Camellia sinensis) is an important beverage crop cultivated in the tropics and subtropics under acid soil conditions. Increased awareness of the health-promoting properties of the tea beverage has led to an increase in its level of consumption over the last decades. Tea production contributes significantly to the economy of several tea-cultivating countries in Asia and Africa. Environmental constrains, particularly water deficiency due to inadequate and/or poorly distributed rainfall, seriously limit tea production in the majority of tea-producing countries. It is also predicted that global climate change will have a considerable adverse impact on tea production in the near future. Application of fertilizers for higher production and increased quality and quantity of tea is a common agricultural practice, but due to its environmental consequences, such as groundwater pollution, the rate of fertilizer application needs to be reconsidered. Cultivation of tea under humid conditions renders it highly susceptible to pathogens and pest attacks. Application of pesticides and fungicides adversely affects the quality of tea and increases health risks of the tea beverage. Organic cultivation as an agricultural practice without using synthetic fertilizers and other chemical additives such as pesticides and fungicides is a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to producing healthy tea. A growing number of tea-producing countries are joining organic tea cultivation programmes in order to improve the quality and to maintain the health benefits of the tea produced.Ke y wor d s: aluminium, global climate change, nitrogen fertilizers, organic culture, phosphorus fertilizers, soil pH, water deficiency Abbreviations: C a -atmospheric CO 2 concentration, T a -atmospheric temperature, ESTs -estimated sequence tags, N sh -harvestable shoot density, W sh -harvestable shoot weight, C i -intracellular CO 2 concentration, T l -leaf temperature, P max -maximum photosynthetic rate, T m -maximum temperature, P n -net photosynthetic rate, T o -optimum temperature, PAR -photosynthetic active radiation, ROS -reactive oxygen species, SER -shoot extension rate, SRC -shoot replacement cycle, T s -soil temperature, SWD -soil water deficit, g s -stomatal conductance, SSH technique -suppression subtractive hybridization technique, T t -threshold temperature, TE -transpiration efficiency, VPD -vapour pressure deficit, WUE -water use efficiency

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Section: Soil Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and nutritional requirements for tea cultivation

Hajiboland

2017

Folia Horticulturae

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“…Temperature: Generally, tea grows well within a T a range of about 18-25 o C. Air temperatures below 13 o C and above 30 o C have been found to reduce shoot growth (Carr, 1972;Watson, 1986b;Carr and Stephens, 1992). The rate of shoot initiation in tea increases linearly with rise in temperature from the base (threshold) temperature (T b ) to an optimum temperature (T o ) and thereafter decreases linearly with further increases in temperature up to the maximum or ceiling temperature (T ce ) (Squire, 1990;Roberts et al, 1997).…”

Section: Effects Of Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to T a , soil temperature (T s ) also influences the growth of the tea plant (Carr, 1970(Carr, , 1972Carr and Stephens, 1992), especially in situations where growth of tea is limited by low T s . Magambo and Othieno (1983) reported that high T s during the day time combined with low T s during the night induced early flowering of tea and reduced its vegetative growth.…”

Section: Effects Of Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The critical VPD affecting growth of tea shoots has been reported to be about 2-2.3 kPa (Hoshina et al, 1983;Squire, 1979;Carr and Stephens, 1992;Tanton, 1992). However, in the warmer low altitudes (< 600 m) of Sri Lanka, shoot growth has been affected at lower VPD of less than 1.2 kPa (Wijeratne and Fordham, 1996).…”

Section: Effects Of Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CSWD for reducing tea yield has been found to vary from 40-200 mm (Stephens and Carr, 1989;Carr and Stephens, 1992;Burgess, 1993). Wijeratne and Fordham (1996) reported that N sh , W sh , shoot extension rate and shoot ψ w of tea were significantly reduced when SWD exceeded 30-40 mm.…”

Section: Critical Soil Water Deficit and Response To Irrigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ecophysiology of tea

Costa

Mohotti

Wijeratne

2007

Braz. J. Plant Physiol.

110

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Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] is one of the most important beverage crops in the world. The major tea-growing regions of the world are South-East Asia and Eastern Africa where it is grown across a wide range of altitudes up to 2200 m a.s.l.. This paper reviews the key physiological processes responsible for yield determination of tea and discusses how these processes are influenced by genotypic and environmental factors. Yield formation of tea is discussed in terms of assimilate supply through photosynthesis and formation of harvestable sinks (i.e. shoots). The photosynthetic apparatus and partial processes (i.e. light capture, electron transport and carboxylation) of tea show specific adaptations to shade. Consequently, maximum light-saturated photosynthetic rates of tea are below the average for C 3 plants and photoinhibition occurs at high light intensities. These processes restrict the source capacity of tea. Tea yields are sink-limited as well because shoots are harvested before their maximum biomass is reached in order to maintain quality characters of made tea. In the absence of water deficits, rates of shoot initiation and extension are determined by air temperature and saturation vapour pressure deficit, with the former having positive and the latter having negative relationships with the above rates. During dry periods, when the soil water deficit exceeds a genotypically-and environmentally-determined threshold, rates of shoot initiation and extension are reduced with decreasing shoot water potential. Tea yields respond significantly to irrigation, a promising option to increase productivity during dry periods, which are experienced in many tea-growing regions. Key words: climate change, photoinhibition, photosynthesis, shoot growth, temperature, vapour pressure deficit, water potential † All authors have contributed equally to this articleEcofisiologia do chá: O chá [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] é uma das mais importantes culturas para a produção de bebidas no mundo. As principais regiões de cultivo dessa espécie se concentram no sudeste da Ásia e na África oriental, onde é cultivado numa ampla faixa de altitudes, até 2200 m acima do nível do mar. Neste artigo, revisam-se processos fisiológicos centrais determinantes da produção do chá e se discutem como esses processos são influenciados por fatores genotípicos e ambientes. A produção do chá é discutida em termos de suprimento de assimilados provenientes da fotossíntese e formação de drenos (ramos) removidos na colheita. A maquinaria fotossintética e processos parciais (i.e. captura de luz, transporte de elétrons e carboxilação) da fotossíntese, em plantas de chá, exibem adaptações à sombra. Conseqüentemente, as taxas máximas de fotossíntese saturadas à luz são inferiores às da media de plantas C 3 , observando-se também fotoinibição sob altas irradiâncias. Esses processos restringem a capacidade da fonte em plantas de chá. A produção do chá é limitada pelo dreno conquanto os ramos são colhidos antes de atingirem sua biomassa máxima, o q...

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