“…Head et al, 2008) -it was also characterized by slightly lower global temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations with respect to the preindustrial Holocene, and possibly by higher residual global ice-volume (Bintanja et al 2005;Bintanja and van de Wal 2008;Lüthi et al, 2008;Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005;Elderfield et al, 2012). Millennial-to centennial-scale climate oscillations during MIS 19, and particularly within substage MIS 19c, have been previously reported from both marine and continental archives (Sánchez-Goñi et al, 2016;Maegakiuchi et al, 2017;Oliveira et al, 2018;Kleiven et al, 2011;Maiorano et al, 2016;Ferretti et al, 2015;Nomade et al, 2019). The findings of a ~5-kyr periodicity, i.e., similar to the fourth harmonic of precession, in both the coupled marine-pollen record from the southern Iberian margin (site U1385, Sánchez-Goñi et al, 2016) and in the planktonic and benthic δ 18 O record from low to mid-latitude North Atlantic and Mediterranean records (Ferretti et al, 2015;Weirauch et al, 2008;Nomade et al, 2019) led to the suggestion that variations in the tropical seasonal insolation cycle, driven by precession and its harmonics, caused periodic oscillations in the latitudinal thermal gradient.…”