“…PaSIM is developed specifically for meadows, and there are many papers where production has been accurately predicted. As a tradeoff, it needs to parametrize many parameters, making it more difficult to use [89,91,92,94].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is one of the most complete models, having a complete simulation of all the processes that affect meadows [94], even tackling the impact of grazing on production, but due to its complexity, it requires a fairly large amount of calibration study [95].…”
Meadows are the most important source of feed for extensive livestock farming in mountainous conditions, as well as providing many environmental services. The actual socioeconomic situation and climate change risk its conservation. That is why finding its optimal management is important. To do so, predictive models are a useful tool to determine the impact of different practices and estimate the consequences of future scenarios. Empirical models are a good analytical tool, but their applications in the future are limited. Dynamic models can better estimate the consequences of newer scenarios, but even if there are many dynamic models, their adaptation into grassland production estimation is scarce. This article reviews the most suitable predictive models for grass production in mountain meadows when data on agricultural management (mowing, grazing, fertilization) and forage value are available, considering the conservation of plant biodiversity.
“…PaSIM is developed specifically for meadows, and there are many papers where production has been accurately predicted. As a tradeoff, it needs to parametrize many parameters, making it more difficult to use [89,91,92,94].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It is one of the most complete models, having a complete simulation of all the processes that affect meadows [94], even tackling the impact of grazing on production, but due to its complexity, it requires a fairly large amount of calibration study [95].…”
Meadows are the most important source of feed for extensive livestock farming in mountainous conditions, as well as providing many environmental services. The actual socioeconomic situation and climate change risk its conservation. That is why finding its optimal management is important. To do so, predictive models are a useful tool to determine the impact of different practices and estimate the consequences of future scenarios. Empirical models are a good analytical tool, but their applications in the future are limited. Dynamic models can better estimate the consequences of newer scenarios, but even if there are many dynamic models, their adaptation into grassland production estimation is scarce. This article reviews the most suitable predictive models for grass production in mountain meadows when data on agricultural management (mowing, grazing, fertilization) and forage value are available, considering the conservation of plant biodiversity.
“…In recent years, the importance of grasslands has been increasingly highlighted in terms of their ecosystem functions, which also help to positively influence climate change. Lal (2004), Ceotto (2008, Carlier et al (2009) and Aghajanzadeh-Darzi et al (2017) point out the interdependence between agriculture and climate change, with grasslands having an impact on soil climate-related challenges such as water retention, soil fertility, erosion control, not to mention biodiversity. Jerome et al ( 2013) point to the fact that grasslands play an important role in sequestering carbon while reducing greenhouse gas emissions.…”
Grassland as a part of farmland is important for agrobiodiversity, soil protection and agricultural production (grazing, hay production). In the Czech Republic, grassland area increases with increasing altitude. In this study we evaluated the period 1966-2021 and the change in grassland area in different locations in South Bohemia region: fertile lowlands (Písek, České Budějovice, Tábor districts) and marginal uplands (Český Krumlov, Prachatice districts). Data on land use including the share of grassland were obtained from the Czech Cadastral and Surveying Office and Czech Statistical Office. In the upland districts, there is the largest share of grassland areas in the whole region. The prevalence of grasslands is probably due to the geographic and climatic conditions, which are challenging here. Our research shows the results of changes in grassland areas between 1967 and 2021, with regard to the assessed districts. The difference in the percent area of grassland in 2021 compared to 1967 is -0.04 to -1.77 for lowlands, and +1.45 to +5.99 for uplands. Despite this, uplands farmers practice relatively extensive farming methods and extensive grazing due to low ruminant numbers. Although farmers maintain relevant carbon sinks, it is unlikely to increase the carbon stocks per hectare of extensive grasslands on an annual basis, which would be a barrier to participation in a carbon farming system.
“…Further, is the synthetic fertilizer level, is the sown legume proportion, is a dummy variable indicating high compared to low sowing density, indicates the year, and is the robust error term. Our model specification considers that milk production potential yields can first increase and then decrease with increasing fertilizer levels, as well as legume proportions (e.g., Aghajanzadeh‐Darzi et al., 2017; Nyfeler et al., 2009; Suter et al., 2015). Moreover, it considers that the effects of fertilizer and legume depend on each other, as it was previously shown that the legume effect decreases with fertilizer level (e.g., Nyfeler et al., 2009; Suter et al., 2015).…”
The decision of farmers to reduce fertilizer applications and, thus, the achievement of agri‐environmental policy goals interacts with market price developments. In this study, we analyze how changes in price levels and volatility over time (i.e., 1991–2006 vs. 2007–2022) affected farmers’ preferences to reduce fertilizer application using statistical inferences of stochastic dominances. The analysis considers two cropping systems and fertilizer reduction measures: (i) grassland‐based milk production and the use of legumes and (ii) wheat production and the use of variable rate application. We show that the economic value of reducing fertilizer increased over time in both grassland‐based milk and wheat production. However, only in the case of wheat production was the reduction in fertilizer application observed as more risk‐reducing over time. In contrast, in grassland‐based milk production, the co‐movement of fertilizer and milk prices canceled out the increase in risk reduction. We conclude that changes in market price, along with agri‐environmental subsidies, can increasingly incentivize the reduction of fertilizer use.
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