Climate change impact of food distribution: The case of reverse logistics for bread in Sweden

Navigating the contemporary landscape of food waste management in developing countries: A comprehensive overview and prospective analysis

“…In the first group, characterized by countries with GNIs exceeding US$42,000, FW generation exhibits a gradual decline as income levels rise. This reduction in FW generation is attributed to the implementation of "zero waste" policies in these developed nations, such as Australia, Singapore, Norway, the United States, Germany and Sweden, as reported by Cook et al, [ 18 ]; Kua, [ 20 ]; Orr et al, [ 16 ]; Gallo, [ 21 ]; Orr et al, [ 16 ]; Weber et al, [ 19 ]. The main beliefs of "zero waste" initiatives pertaining to FW emphasis on rising digression rates and minimizing waste generation throughout food making developments.…”

“…However, it's important to note that despite these lower individual waste generation rates for developing nation, the total amount of FW is not significantly lower than that of developed nations. The combined impact of population growth as well as ever-increasing financial challenges in developing nations are some key reasons for this [ 19 ]. As per FAO report of 2023, the global annual FW generation amounts to approximately 60,849,145 tons per year [ 21 ].…”

“…Conversely, the second group of developed countries, characterized by GNIs below US$102,450, experiences a different trend in FW generation. In these nations, "zero waste" policies have not been widely adopted, leading to a lower diversion rate for FW and higher levels of virgin waste generation during food production processes [ [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] ]. Consequently, per capita FW generation remains high in this group due to the persistence of suboptimal waste management practices.…”

“…However, this approach comes with several significant disadvantages. Landfills can contribute to environmental pollution, releasing hazardous leachate and greenhouse gases, including methane, which fuels climate change [ 19 ]. Examining successful models from countries like China, India, and Brazil can provide insights into effective waste management and recycling strategies [ 24 , 27 , 29 ].…”

Bread waste valorization: a review of sustainability aspects and challenges

“…If not processed promptly, bread can decay, creating an environmental hazard, attracting rodents, and rendering it unsuitable as a feedstock (Narisetty et al, 2021). This issue has been studied by Weber et al (2023), who examined the impact of the TBA system on GWP and evaluated alternative bread supply chain scenarios. They found that long-distance transport was the main contributor to climate impact, accounting for 68% of the overall impact.…”