Climate change and vessel traffic create networks of invasion in marine protected areas

Abstract

Establishment of protected areas to maintain biodiversity requires identification, prioritization and management of stressors that may undermine conservation goals. Nonindigenous species and climate change are critical ecosystem stressors that need greater attention in the context of spatial planning and management of protected areas. Risk of invasion into protected areas needs to be quantified under current and projected climate conditions in conjunction with prioritization of key vectors and vulnerable areas to enable development of effective management strategies. We assessed the likelihood of invasion across networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) to determine how invaded MPAs may compromise MPA networks by sharing nonindigenous species. We evaluated invasion risk in 83 MPAs along Canada's Pacific coast for eight nonindigenous species based on environmental suitability under current and future (average conditions from 2041 to 2070) climate conditions and association with shipping and boating pathways. We applied species distribution models and network analysis of vessel tracking data for 805 vessels in 2016 that connected MPAs. The probability of occurrence within MPAs and the proportion of MPA area that is suitable to the modelled species significantly increased under future climate conditions, with six species reaching over 90% predicted occurrence across MPAs and over 70% of suitable area within MPAs. Vessel traffic created four network clusters of 61 highly connected MPAs that spanned the coastline. Occupancy of over 90% of the MPAs within the clusters was predicted for most species. Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate a high likelihood of marine protected area (MPA) network invasion based on current and future environmental conditions and vectors of spread, and the potential for extensive nonindigenous species distributions within MPAs. Our approach highlights how interacting stressors can exacerbate MPA susceptibility to nonindigenous species, adding further challenges for protected area management. Management planning that invests in understanding connectivity and vector processes (human behaviours) is more likely to derive effective policies to stem the flow of nonindigenous species under both current and future conditions. In particular, biosecurity measures including vessel biofouling regulations and MPA‐ and MPA network‐specific plans for prevention, monitoring and mitigation of nonindigenous species are needed.

Four priority areas to advance invasion science in the face of rapid environmental change

“…The predicted future effect of interactions among climate, socioeconomic factors, and invasions on plant biodiversity hotspots constitutes the greatest threat in emerging economies located in megadiverse regions of the Southern Hemisphere (Seebens et al 2015). Invasions and climate change also pose a combined threat to native species in protected areas and thus seriously compromise conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services (Gallardo et al 2017;Iacarella et al 2020). Interactions between invasions and climate change will also affect human health; for instance, climate change models predict an increase in the life-cycle completion rate and extended periods suitable for development of the invasive mosquito Aedes aegypti, a vector of arboviruses including dengue, zika, and yellow fever, resulting in accelerated invasion in North America and China (Iwamura et al 2020).…”

Biopollution by Invasive Marine Non-Indigenous Species: A Review of Potential Adverse Ecological Effects in a Changing Climate

“…In protected areas, the risk of invasion also needs to be quantified under current and projected climate conditions. Prioritization of key vectors and vulnerable areas enable development of effective management strategies [ 166 ].…”

Double trouble: the implications of climate change for biological invasions

“…Although the invasion risk faced by protected areas remains to be considered in many regions, an increasing number of studies have highlighted an anticipated rise in risk in marine, terrestrial and freshwater systems (e.g. Markovic et al 2014;Iacarella et al 2020;Liu et al 2020).…”