Climate change and forest diseases

Sturrock, Rona N.; Frankel, Susan J.; Brown, A. V.; Hennon, Paul E.; Kliejunas, John T.; Lewis, Kathy J.; Worrall, James J.; Woods, Alex

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3059.2010.02406.x

Cited by 605 publications

(439 citation statements)

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“…In such places, gradual changes in climate may cross thresholds that cause rapid changes in tree growth, as well as increased susceptibility to attack from insects and pathogens (Raffa et al 2008;Bentz et al 2010;Yan and Niu 2008;Ayres and Lombardero 2000;Sturrock et al 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent reduction in the frequency of frost accounts for most of the increased growth of a high elevation spruce forest in northwestern China

Waring

Gao

2016

Trees

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Key message Using process-based models in combination with dendrochronological measurements provides a way to explain recent increased tree growth in northwestern China. Abstract Dendrochronological studies of tree rings in a 250-year-old Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) forest in the Qilian Mountains of northwestern China indicate a 60 % sustained increase in tree-ring growth between 1980 and 2009 compared with any time since 1785. Over the same period, the maximum, minimum, and average temperatures all increased by nearly 2°C during the growing season (May through September), the frequency of frost decreased 18 days, precipitation remained unchanged, while atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 increased by 48 ppm. To explain how the changes in climatic variables might cause the increase in tree growth, we parameterized a process-based growth model (3-PG, physiological processes predicting growth) with values from the literature and performed a series of sensitivity tests. The results of our analysis indicated that a reduction in frost frequency during the growing season, which allows stomata to remain open, enhanced gross photosynthesis by 42 %. Up to a 20 % increase in P G could be attributed to rising atmospheric CO 2 between 1980 and 2009, with half of this attributed to increased light interception from a simulated 0.4 increase in canopy leaf area index. The increase in average and maximum temperatures had little direct effect on gross photosynthesis with the optimum temperature set between 9 and 10°C. Indirectly, the increase in monthly average minimum temperature during the growing season, although small, crossed a threshold that reduced the impact of frost. Our analyses show the value of combining dendrochronological measurements with a process-based model to gain a more holistic understanding of how environmental factors interact to affect tree growth.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent reduction in the frequency of frost accounts for most of the increased growth of a high elevation spruce forest in northwestern China

Waring

Gao

2016

Trees

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“…Rates of introduction are increasing (1), driven by changing climate (2) and altered patterns of travel and trade (3). Emerging epidemics cause direct economic loss from death and restricted growth of trees grown for timber and horticultural use (4).…”

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confidence: 99%

Modeling when, where, and how to manage a forest epidemic, motivated by sudden oak death in California

Cunniffe

Cobb

Meentemeyer

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

162

174

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Sudden oak death, caused by Phytophthora ramorum, has killed millions of oak and tanoak in California since its first detection in 1995. Despite some localized small-scale management, there has been no large-scale attempt to slow the spread of the pathogen in California. Here we use a stochastic spatially explicit model parameterized using data on the spread of P. ramorum to investigate whether and how the epidemic can be controlled. We find that slowing the spread of P. ramorum is now not possible, and has been impossible for a number of years. However, despite extensive cryptic (i.e., presymptomatic) infection and frequent long-range transmission, effective exclusion of the pathogen from large parts of the state could, in principle, have been possible were it to have been started by 2002. This is the approximate date by which sufficient knowledge of P. ramorum epidemiology had accumulated for large-scale management to be realistic. The necessary expenditure would have been very large, but could have been greatly reduced by optimizing the radius within which infected sites are treated and careful selection of sites to treat. In particular, we find that a dynamic strategy treating sites on the epidemic wave front leads to optimal performance. We also find that "front loading" the budget, that is, treating very heavily at the start of the management program, would greatly improve control. Our work introduces a framework for quantifying the likelihood of success and risks of failure of management that can be applied to invading pests and pathogens threatening forests worldwide.Phytophthora ramorum | constrained budget | landscape-scale stochastic epidemiological model | optimizing disease control | risk aversion

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“…Climate change can alter susceptibility of trees to certain pathogens and change the geographical distribution of pathogens (Sturrock et al, 2011). Studying the impacts of rising CO 2 concentrations, Santos et al (2013) observed that at high air-CO 2 concentrations the plantlets of two eucalyptus clones had longer disease incubation period and lower severity of wilt caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata.…”

Section: Crescimento De Plantas E Severidade Da Mancha Foliar Em Eucamentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant growth and leaf-spot severity on eucalypt at different CO2concentrations in the air

Silva

Ghini

2014

Pesq. agropec. bras.

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-The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of increased air-CO 2 concentration on plant growth and on leaf-spot caused by Cylindrocladium candelabrum in Eucalyptus urophylla. Seedlings were cultivated for 30 days at 451, 645, 904, and 1,147 µmol mol -1 CO 2 ; then, they were inoculated with the pathogen and kept under the same conditions for seven days. Increased CO 2 concentration increased plant height and shoot dry matter mass, and decreased disease incidence and severity. Stem diameter was not affected by the treatments. Increased concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 favorably affect eucalypt growth and reduce leaf-spot severity.

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Climate change and forest diseases

Cited by 605 publications

References 100 publications

Recent reduction in the frequency of frost accounts for most of the increased growth of a high elevation spruce forest in northwestern China

Recent reduction in the frequency of frost accounts for most of the increased growth of a high elevation spruce forest in northwestern China

Modeling when, where, and how to manage a forest epidemic, motivated by sudden oak death in California

Plant growth and leaf-spot severity on eucalypt at different CO2concentrations in the air

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