Climate change and forced migrations: An effort towards recognizing climate refugees

Berchin, Issa Ibrahim; Valduga, Isabela Blasi; Garcia, Jéssica; Guerra, José Baltazar Salgueirinho Osório de Andrade

doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2017.06.022

Cited by 127 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…U literaturi koja se bavi međunarodnopravnim aspektima zaštite žrtava migracija čiji su uzroci u problemima u oblasti životne sredine najčešće se ukazuje na nedorečenost postojećih izvora međunarodnog prava koji za svoj osnovni predmet regulisanja imaju zaštitu žrtava prisilnih migracija. Ukazuje se i na činjenicu da je Konvencija UN o statusu izbeglica (1951) doneta pre više od šezdeset godina a da su promene u životnoj sredini uslovljene, pre svega, klimatskim promenama postale suviše očigledne tek u kasnijem vremenskom periodu (Berchin, et al, 2017). Na okolnosti u kojima je usvojena Konvencija o statusu izbeglica (1951) i, shodno tome, na potrebu preispitivanja rešenja koja ona sadrži, ukazuje veći broj autora (Arulanantham, 2000, p. 12 et c.).…”

Section: Migranti Izbeglice I žIvotna Sredina U Međunarodnom Pravuunclassified

Refugees and environmental changes in the international law

Todić¹

2019

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SažetakCilj rada je sagledavanje položaja izbeglica čiji su uzroci izbeglištva u promenama u stanju životne sredine ("ekološke izbeglice"). U prvom delu rada se ukazuje na teorijski kontekst i opšti pravni okvir kojim je uređeno pitanje položaja izbeglica u međunarodnom izbegličkom pravu. Analiziraju se odredbe sadržane u Konvenciji o statusu izbeglica (1951( ) sa Protokolom (1967. Razmatra se, pre svega, pitanje načina kako je u Konvenciji regulisan položaj izbeglica čiji se uzroci izbeglištva mogu pripisati promenama u životnoj sredini. Drugi deo rada je posvećen ispitivanju relevantnih odredbi međunarodnog prava životne sredine sa stanovišta načina kako se ovaj deo normi međunarodnog prava odnosi prema pitanju prisilnih migracija. Ukazuje se i na odredbe dva najnovija međunarodna dokumenta od potencijalnog značaja za izbeglice i životnu sredinu (Nacrt globalnog dogovora za sigurnu, urednu i regularnu migraciju, 2019, i Nacrt globalnog pakta za životnu sredinu, 2017). U zaključku se naglašava potreba jasnijeg uređivanja položaja izbeglica kroz odgovarajuće izmene i dopune u obe oblasti međunarodnog prava: međunarodnog izbegličkog prava i međunarodnog prava životne sredine.Ključne reči: izbeglice, migracije, životna sredina, ekološke izbeglice, međunarodno izbegličko pravo.* Doktor nauka, naučni savetnik, Institut za međunarodnu politiku i privredu, Beograd,

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Section: Migranti Izbeglice I žIvotna Sredina U Međunarodnom Pravuunclassified

Refugees and environmental changes in the international law

Todić¹

2019

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“…For example, the increase in cases of Lyme disease in Canada reflect the northward expansion of the range of the black-legged tick vector, Ixodes scapularis, in the United States (US) and into southern Canada, as climate change has made Canada more conducive to establishing tick populations (7,8). This expansion of the area where the vectors and their reservoirs can thrive means not only an increased risk of sporadic infectious disease but also an increased likelihood that these vectors, and the diseases that they carry, can become endemic (6,(9)(10)(11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, climate change is influencing the mobility patterns of people and goods. An increase in "climate refugees", people displaced when their lives and/or livelihoods are at risk from extreme weather events, is expected (11). Refugees, often from geographical areas where infectious diseases are more common and with different vaccination schedules and practices, may inadvertently bring these diseases into Canada (12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment strategies for early detection and prediction of infectious disease outbreaks associated with climate change

Rees

Gachon

et al. 2019

CCDR

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A new generation of surveillance strategies is being developed to help detect emerging infections and to identify the increased risks of infectious disease outbreaks that are expected to occur with climate change. These surveillance strategies include event-based surveillance (EBS) systems and risk modelling. The EBS systems use open-source internet data, such as media reports, official reports, and social media (such as Twitter) to detect evidence of an emerging threat, and can be used in conjunction with conventional surveillance systems to enhance early warning of public health threats. More recently, EBS systems include artificial intelligence applications such machine learning and natural language processing to increase the speed, capacity and accuracy of filtering, classifying and analysing health-related internet data. Risk modelling uses statistical and mathematical methods to assess the severity of disease emergence and spread given factors about the host (e.g. number of reported cases), pathogen (e.g. pathogenicity) and environment (e.g. climate suitability for reservoir populations). The types of data in these models are expanding to include health-related information from open-source internet data and information on mobility patterns of humans and goods. This information is helping to identify susceptible populations and predict the pathways from which infections might spread into new areas and new countries. As a powerful addition to traditional surveillance strategies that identify what has already happened, it is anticipated that EBS systems and risk modelling will increasingly be used to inform public health actions to prevent, detect and mitigate the climate change increases in infectious diseases. Affiliations

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“…Par exemple, la hausse des cas de maladie de Lyme au Canada reflète l'expansion de son vecteur, la tique à pattes noires (Ixodes scapularis), dont l'aire de répartition se déplace vers le nord aux États-Unis et couvre désormais aussi le sud du Canada, les changements climatiques ayant rendu le pays plus hospitalier pour les tiques (7,8). Cette expansion dans une région où les vecteurs et les espèces réservoirs peuvent se multiplier se traduit non seulement par la hausse des risques de maladies infectieuses sporadiques, mais aussi par la probabilité accrue que ces vecteurs et les maladies qu'ils transmettent deviennent endémiques (6,(9)(10)(11).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…En outre, les changements climatiques influent sur la mobilité des personnes et des biens. On s'attend à voir une augmentation du nombre de réfugiés climatiques, ces personnes déplacées fuyant les phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes qui menacent leur existence ou leurs moyens de subsistance (11). Ces réfugiés, souvent issus de régions du monde où les maladies infectieuses sont plus répandues et ayant des pratiques et des calendriers de vaccination différents risquent, sans le vouloir, de transmettre ces maladies aux Canadiens (12).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified