Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis

Change, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

doi:10.1017/9781009157896

Cited by 1,632 publications

(125 citation statements)

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“…While net radiation is a key component of the surface energy balance, variability in melt energy is strongly controlled by changes in the turbulent heat fluxes, heat from rain and net longwave radiation (Table 6). Despite the relatively small contribution of heat from rain to the surface energy balance, its significant correlation to melt energy suggests heat from rain is potentially an important energy flux during extreme rainfall events, which are projected to become more frequent in a warming climate (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2021; Bodeker and others, 2022). A significantly strong correlation is observed between melt energy and air temperature ( R = 0.83).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying a distributed mass-balance model to identify uncertainties in glaciological mass balance on Brewster Glacier, New Zealand

et al. 2023

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A distributed mass-balance model is used over a 10-year period for the re-analysis of a glaciological mass-balance time series obtained from Brewster Glacier, New Zealand. Mass-balance modelling reveals glaciological mass balance has been overestimated, with an average mass loss of −516 mm w.e. a−1 not captured by observations at the end of the ablation season, which represents 35% of the annual mass balance. While the average length of the accumulation season (199 days) remains longer than the ablation season (166 days), melting is not uncommon in the core part of the accumulation season, with 2–32% of total snowfall being melted. Refreezing of meltwater is also important, with 10% of surface and subsurface melt being refrozen in the present climate. Net radiation, driven primarily by net shortwave radiation, is the main contributor to melt energy, with melt variability mainly influenced by the turbulent heat fluxes, net longwave radiation and the heat flux from precipitation in the ablation season. Snowfalls in summer are an important moderator of melt, highlighting the critical role of the ice-albedo feedback and phase of precipitation on seasonal mass balance. A complete homogenisation of the long-term glaciological mass balance for Brewster Glacier is still required.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying a distributed mass-balance model to identify uncertainties in glaciological mass balance on Brewster Glacier, New Zealand

et al. 2023

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“…Evaporation is very sensitive to climate change and is an important component of both hydrological and energy cycles (Liu et al, 2010;Zhang & Wang, 2007). During the first 20 years of the 21st century, the global surface temperature has increased by about 0.99 C relative to 1850-1900(IPCC, 2021. The global rising temperature leads to a series of changes in hydrological factors such as precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture and groundwater flow (Roderick & Farquhar, 2002), which has significant impacts on natural environment, ecosystems and social economy (Yan et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying multivariate controls of pan evaporation variations in subregions of Yangtze River Basin using multiple wavelet coherence

Yang,

He,

et al. 2023

Hydrological Processes

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In this study, temporal variations of pan evaporation (PE) and its optimal combination of controlling factors are investigated in the subregions of Yangtze River Basin (YRB) by using multiple wavelet coherence (MWC). For this purpose, the YRB is firstly divided into nine relatively homogeneous PE subregions by combining empirical orthogonal functions with fuzzy C‐means clustering. After regionalization, temporal variations of regional PE are analysed in each of subregions. Results reveal that regional annual PE has an upward trend in all subregions, and seasonal PE in almost the subregions for four different seasons. The wavelet transform coherence (WTC) analysis shows that vapour pressure deficit (VPD) is the primary controlling factor of PE variations in all subregions. In single factor analysis, VPD, sunshine duration (SSD) and 0 cm ground temperature (ZGT) have a higher covariance with PE than other influencing factors. For two‐factor analysis, the APS (air pressure)‐VPD combination, and for three‐factor analysis, the AWS (average wind speed)‐ ZGT‐VPD combination are the most common best explanatory variables on PE variations. A comparison of the results from the WTC and MWC indicates that PE variations can be explained more accurately by one, two, or three controlling factors. The combination of factors that optimally explains PE variations largely varies with subregions but with VPD as a dominant factor either alone or in combination for all subregions. Moreover, the optimal factor combination for a subregion is not necessarily combined by the first, second and/or third dominant factors for that subregion. Our results can provide useful insights into how multiple temporal dependency of PE is linked with meteorological factors in subregions of the YRB, particularly for PE modelling under changing climate conditions.

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“…Global warming may thus represent a serious threat to pollen germination and the overall plant reproductive system (Hedhly, Hormaza & Herrero, 2005). Apart from increasing mean temperature, temperature extremes and heat waves are predicted to be more intense, more frequent, and to last longer (IPCC, 2021). However, the susceptibility of key stages of the sexual reproduction of plants to high temperature has been so far studied almost exclusively in crops or other commercially exploited plants (Wang et al, 2019; Bheemanahalli et al, 2019; Lovane et al, 2021; Lohani, Singh & Bhalla, 2022), but not in wild plant species, with the exception of a few studies on trees (Pigott & Huntley, 1980; Flores-Rentería et al, 2018) and forbs (McKee and Richards, 1998; Rosbakh & Poschlod, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollen thermotolerance of a widespread plant in response to climate warming: possible local adaptation of populations from different elevations

Hrubá

Biella

Klečka

2023

Preprint

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One of the most vulnerable phases in the plant life cycle is sexual reproduction, which depends on effective pollen transfer, but also on the viability of pollen grains. Pollen viability is temperature-dependent and may be reduced by increasing temperature associated with global warming. A growing body of research has focused on the effect of increased temperature on pollen viability in crops to understand the possible impact of temperature extremes on yield. But little is known about the effects of temperature on pollen viability of wild plant species. To fill this knowledge gap, we selected Lotus corniculatus (Fabaceae), a common species of many European habitats, to test its pollen viability in response to increasing temperature. To test for possible local adaptation of pollen thermal tolerance, we compared data from six lowland and six highland populations. We observed pollen germination in vitro at 15, 25, 30, and 40°C. While lowland plants had stable germination rate at a wide range of temperatures between 15 and 30°C, with reduced germination rate observed only at the extremely high values (i.e., 40°C), germination rate of highland plants was reduced already when the temperature reached 30°C, temperature commonly exceeded in the lowland during warm summers. This suggest that lowland populations of L. corniculatus may be locally adapted to higher temperature for pollen germination. On the other hand, pollen tube length decreased with increasing temperature in a similar way in lowland and highland plants. The overall average pollen germination rate significantly differed between lowland and highland populations, with highland populations surprisingly displaying higher germination rate. On the other hand, average pollen tube length was slightly smaller in highland populations. In conclusion, we found that pollen viability of L. corniculatus is reduced at high temperature and that the germination of pollen from plant populations growing at higher elevations is more sensitive to increased temperature, which suggests possible local adaptation of pollen thermal tolerance. Therefore, expanding the investigation of warming effects on pollen viability and sexual reproduction of wild plants should be a priority, since they may suffer from adverse effects of increasing temperature similarly to crops.

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Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis

Cited by 1,632 publications

References 0 publications

Applying a distributed mass-balance model to identify uncertainties in glaciological mass balance on Brewster Glacier, New Zealand

Applying a distributed mass-balance model to identify uncertainties in glaciological mass balance on Brewster Glacier, New Zealand

Identifying multivariate controls of pan evaporation variations in subregions of Yangtze River Basin using multiple wavelet coherence

Pollen thermotolerance of a widespread plant in response to climate warming: possible local adaptation of populations from different elevations

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