Climate and More Sustainable Cities: Climate Information for Improved Planning and Management of Cities (Producers/Capabilities Perspective)

Grimmond, Sue; Roth, Matthias; Oke, T. R.; Au, Y. C.; Best, Martin; Betts, Richard; Carmichael, Gregory R.; Cleugh, Helen; Dabberdt, Walter F.; Emmanuel, Rohinton; Freitas, Edmílson Dias de; Fortuniak, Krzysztof; Hanna, Steven R.; Klein, Petra M.; Kalkstein, Laurence S.; Liu, C. H.; Nickson, A.; Pearlmutter, David; Sailor, David J.; Voogt, James A.

doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2010.09.016

Cited by 226 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 261 publications

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“…The UHI is a well-known mesoscale phenomenon caused by numerous factors related to land cover, energy use, anthropogenic heat, and the configuration and expanse of buildings, with high-heat-retaining materials collecting daytime heat and releasing it overnight (Grimmond et al 2010;Oke 1987). While it is important to understand the meteorological differences of the ambient environment above impervious and natural surfaces, surface characteristics of radiant temperature and albedo play an important role in the absorbed radiation by a human (R abs ) and the total thermal stress on a person (Snir et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of surface type on the absorbed radiation by a human under hot, dry conditions

Hardin

Vanos

2017

Int J Biometeorol

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Given the predominant use of heat-retaining materials in urban areas, numerous studies have addressed the urban heat island mitigation potential of various "cool" options, such as vegetation and high-albedo surfaces. The influence of altered radiational properties of such surfaces affects not only the air temperature within a microclimate, but more importantly the interactions of long-and shortwave radiation fluxes with the human body. Minimal studies have assessed how cool surfaces affect thermal comfort via changes in absorbed radiation by a human (R abs ) using real-world, rather than modeled, urban field data. The purpose of the current study is to assess the changes in the absorbed radiation by a human-a critical component of human energy budget models-based on surface type on hot summer days (air temperatures >38.5 • C). Field tests were conducted using a high-end microclimate station under predominantly clear sky conditions over ten surfaces with higher sky view factors in Lubbock, Texas. Three methods were used to measure and estimate R abs : a cylindrical radiation thermometer (CRT), a net radiometer, and a theoretical estimation model. Results over dry surfaces suggest that the use of high-albedo surfaces to reduce overall urban heat gain may not improve acute human thermal comfort in clear conditions due to increased reflected radiation. Further, the use of low-cost instrumentation, such as the CRT, shows potential in quantifying radiative heat loads within urban areas at temporal scales of 5-10 min or greater, yet further research is needed. Fine-scale radiative information in urban areas can aid in the decision-making process for urban heat mitigation using non-vegetated urban surfaces, with surface type choice is dependent on the need for short-term thermal comfort, or reducing cumulative heat gain to the urban fabric.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of surface type on the absorbed radiation by a human under hot, dry conditions

Hardin

Vanos

2017

Int J Biometeorol

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“…Urban thermal environment influences residents' health, energy consumption, and so on. The urban heat island (UHI) and related climatic issues have been extensively investigated by global researchers for more than 100 years [3]. Urban surface characteristics are considered to be the main factors affecting UHIs [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Urban Climate Landscape Patterns on Land Surface Temperature in Wuhan, China

2017

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Facing urban warming, mitigation and adaptation strategies are not efficient enough to tackle excessive urban heat, especially at the local scale. The local climate zone (LCZ) classification scheme is employed to examine the diversity and complexity of the climate response within a city. This study suggests that zonal practice could be an efficient way to bridge the knowledge gap between climate research and urban planning. Urban surfaces classified by LCZ are designated as urban climate landscapes, which extends the LCZ concept to urban planning applications. Selecting Wuhan as a case study, we attempt to explore the climatic effect of landscape patterns. Thermal effects are compared across the urban climate landscapes, and the relationships between patch metrics and land surface temperature (LST) are quantified. Results indicate that climate landscape layout is a considerable factor impacting local urban climate. For Wuhan, 500 m is an optimal scale for exploring landscape pattern-temperature relationships. Temperature contrast between surrounding landscape patches has a major influence on LST. Generally, fragmental landscape patches contribute to heat release. For most climate landscape types, patch metrics also have a significant effect on thermal response. When three metrics are included as predictive variables, 53.3% of the heating intensity variation can be explained for the Large Lowrise landscape, while 57.4% of the cooling intensity variation can be explained for the Water landscape. Therefore, this article claims that land-based layout optimization strategy at local scale, which conforms to planning manner, should be taken into account in terms of heat management.

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“…This view was supported by a study sponsored by the Forest Service on the tree canopy cover in urban landscapes [33]- [35], and by other studies on watersheds and many urban ecosystem processes [36]- [39]. As for hot and humid climatic zones, many researchers [14], [29], [40] recognize the importance of solar shading in the design of urban structures because it can be used to keep heat gain at minimum levels and maximize coverage over urban surfaces [1]. As hot and humid tropics mainly require shading and solar filtration, Shahidan et al, (2010,2011) and Hidayat (2010) asserts that it would be more favorable to plant trees that grow to have greater height, wider canopy, larger leaves, and thicker branch coverage to filter radiation [6].…”

Section: A Plants and Vegetationmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…A number of climatic areas have resorted to using vegetated roofs as a means of improving thermal comfort, reducing air pollution, reducing storm water runoff volume, and increasing runoff water quality [10]- [13]. In the same way, vegetation is able to contribute thermal benefits, eliminate air pollutants, reduce the release of carbon dioxide, and ease [14]. However, it is a complicated process to manipulate the ecosystems in urban areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The responsibility of designing a climate-sensitive city is delegated to the developer, who has to strive to employ environmentally friendly designs with bioclimatic characteristics that are not damaging towards outdoor conditions. 'Bioclimatic' is defined as the relationship between the climate and life, especially how the climate is able to influence living things [6], [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing a Sustainable City in a Tropical Area to Create a Balance between Vegetation and Water Bodies

Mirrahimi¹,

Ibrahim²,

Surat³

2015

IJET

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Abstract-This paper aims to investigate the effects of using natural resources that incorporates the basis of a sustainable city design in efforts to improve the urban thermal comfort in a hot and humid climate. Currently, one of the most crucial world environmental issues is urbanization in a hot and humid climate. In tropical areas, if the urban landscape is poorly designed, it will cause outdoor thermal discomfort. Natural plants and water bodies in the hot and humid landscape has a direct influence over the temperature of urban cities. Water bodies, for example, are able to lower the atmospheric temperature; whereas plants also can affect the surroundings passively. The effects of wet surfaces are increased if there is a presence of a shadow. Therefore, vegetation and water bodies are used in designing a sustainable city in order to increase the quality of outdoor thermal comfort in a hot and humid climate. This is hoped to provide a better and more comfortable human living environment.

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Climate and More Sustainable Cities: Climate Information for Improved Planning and Management of Cities (Producers/Capabilities Perspective)

Cited by 226 publications

References 261 publications

The influence of surface type on the absorbed radiation by a human under hot, dry conditions

The influence of surface type on the absorbed radiation by a human under hot, dry conditions

Impact of Urban Climate Landscape Patterns on Land Surface Temperature in Wuhan, China

Developing a Sustainable City in a Tropical Area to Create a Balance between Vegetation and Water Bodies

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