Climate and anthropometric variations in Europe and the Mediterranean area

Crognier, Émile

doi:10.1080/03014468100004841

Cited by 100 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…For example, genetics (Abbie, 1947), environmental factors (Abbie, 1947;Beals et al, 1983), protein in the diet (Miller, 1970), psychological and physiological stress (Miller, 1970), medical facilities and care (Miller, 1970), natural climate (Crognier, 1981;Beals et al, 1983;Bharati et al, 2001). Other hypotheses about the factors that are potentially related to head form include heterosis (Billy, 1975), socioeconomic status (Schwidetzky, 1973;Pälsson and Schwidetzky, 1973;Miki, 1990) and nutrition or diet (Lasker, 1946).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of craniofacial measures on the cephalic index of Japanese adult female students

Hossain

Sabiruzzaman

Islam

et al. 2010

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This study was designed to identify possible craniofacial measurements that have an influence on the cephalic index (CI) of Japanese adult females. The total sample used in the current study consisted of 832 healthy Japanese adults. The subjects were all of Japanese birth and ancestry. The age range of the subjects was between 18-25 years. Eight craniofacial measurements were taken: head length, head breadth, head height, head circumference, minimum frontal breadth, bizygomatic breadth, bigonial breadth, and morphological face height. In addition, stature and body weight were also measured. All measurements were taken by one observer from 1998 to 2001. The CI was calculated from head length and head breadth. Using multiple regression analysis, a variance inflation factor (VIF) demonstrated that there was no evidence of a multicollinearity problem among the variables when CI was considered as a response variable. The coefficients of the regression line demonstrated that there was a significant positive relationship between the CI and minimum frontal breadth (P < 0.01), bizygomatic breadth (P < 0.01) and head height (P < 0.05), while a negative relationship was found between the CI and morphological facial height (P < 0.05) and head circumference (P < 0.01). Moreover, the coefficient and odds ratio of the logistic regression showed that minimum frontal breadth (P < 0.05), bizygomatic breadth (P < 0.01), and head height (P < 0.05) were more likely in the roundheaded group, while morphological facial height (P < 0.05), head circumference (P < 0.01), and stature (P < 0.05) were less likely in the round-headed group. Stepwise regression analysis showed that with respect to the CI, the best predictor variables were bizygomatic breadth, head circumference, minimum frontal breadth, morphological facial height, head height, and stature. These results suggest that most of the craniofacial variables measured appear to influence the CI of Japanese adult female students.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of craniofacial measures on the cephalic index of Japanese adult female students

Hossain

Sabiruzzaman

Islam

et al. 2010

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“…57,60,61 Unsurprisingly, these patterns extend beyond shape to body composition, with 244 lean mass relative to height scaling inversely in association with annual temperature. 245 246 Low levels of lean/muscle mass have been linked with elevated susceptibility of populations 247 such as South Asian and Australian aboriginals to insulin resistance in obesogenic 248 settings, 19,20 and this scenario may apply to other populations with similar characteristics.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Body composition and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes: an evolutionary perspective

Wells

2017

Eur J Clin Nutr

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1Type 2 diabetes is rapidly increasing in prevalence worldwide, in concert with epidemics of 2 obesity and sedentary behaviour that are themselves tracking economic development. 3Within this broad pattern, susceptibility to diabetes varies substantially in association with 4 ethnicity and nutritional exposures through the life-course. An evolutionary perspective may 5 help understand why humans are so prone to this condition in modern environments, and 6 why this risk is unequally distributed. A simple conceptual model treats diabetes risk as the 7 function of two interacting traits, namely 'metabolic capacity' which promotes glucose 8 homeostasis, and 'metabolic load' which challenges glucose homoeostasis. This conceptual 9 model helps understand how long-term and more recent trends in body composition can 10 then be considered to have shaped variability in diabetes risk. Hominin evolution appears to 11 have continued a broader trend evident in primates, towards lower levels of muscularity. In 12 addition, hominins developed higher levels of body fatness, especially in females in relative 13 terms. These traits most likely evolved as part of a broader reorganisation of human life 14 history traits in response to growing levels of ecological instability, enabling both survival 15 during tough periods and reproduction during bountiful periods. Since the emergence of 16Homo sapiens, populations have diverged in body composition in association with 17 geographical setting and local ecological stresses. These long-term trends in both metabolic 18 capacity and adiposity help explain the overall susceptibility of humans to diabetes in ways 19 that are similar to, and exacerbated by, the effects of nutritional exposures during the life-20 course. 21

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“…Many hypotheses have been proposed for the secular changes in head form, such as environmental factors (Abbie, 1947), increased protein in the diet (Miller, 1970), decreased psychological and physiological stress (Miller, 1970), and increased medical facilities and care (Miller, 1970). Some investigators (Beals, 1972;Crognier, 1981;Beals et al, 1983;Bharati et al, 2001) have suggested that the occupation of cold climates was one of the circumstances that may have led to the increasing frequency of brachycephalic head form over time. Other researchers (Bielicki and Welon, 1964;Henneberg, 1976) believe that the brachycephalic head form have been selected as a consequence of evolutionary forces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secular changes in head dimensions of Japanese females over eight decades

Hossain

Lestrel²,

Ohtsuki

2004

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The aim of this work is to document secular changes in the head dimensions of Japanese adult females. The data set of the current study was compared with two others, one covering 1910-1917 and the other 1975-1979. The subjects of the present study were all of Japanese birth and ancestry, and were aged 18-25 years. Four head dimensions were measured: head length, head breadth, head height, and head circumference. The subjects' height and body weight were also recorded. The mean head length, head breadth, and cephalic index were larger in the present study than in the 1910-1917 series. Head length, head height, and head size (circumference) were larger in the the current series than in the 1975-1979 series. However, head breadth and cephalic index in this series were somewhat larger than in the current series. Results of ANOVA showed significant differences (P < 0.01) for all birth-year cohorts from 1978 to 1983 in terms of head length, head breadth, and head circumference. Head height, cephalic index, height, and weight, however, did not display significant differences. Regression analysis revealed that all measurements, including the cephalic index, had decreased. These results indicate that although brachycephalization has been occurring for the last 85 years, the cephalic index has decreased over the last two decades in adult Japanese females.

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Climate and anthropometric variations in Europe and the Mediterranean area

Cited by 100 publications

References 6 publications

Effect of craniofacial measures on the cephalic index of Japanese adult female students

Effect of craniofacial measures on the cephalic index of Japanese adult female students

Body composition and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes: an evolutionary perspective

Secular changes in head dimensions of Japanese females over eight decades

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