Client-centered therapy: Where has it been and where is it going? A comment on Hathaway (1948)

Reflective listening and open‐ended questions in counselling: Preferences moderated by social skills and cognitive ability

“…In our study they made counsellors appear interested and supportive, in contrast to being detached and dominant, and together with the WAI they indicate attributes of good counselling. Our evaluators had no expertise in theories of psychotherapy, which is a positive aspect of external validity (see Hill & Nakayama, 2000) but has drawbacks too; they may not have known what to observe (hence, decreased power) and may have been indifferent to counselling practice. However, this ensured that the evaluators did not assess the counselling sections based on their own experience, thus ruling out attraction effects of recognition.…”

“…motivational interviewing; Miller & Rollnick, 2002). Knowledge of the effects of techniques in counselling and psychotherapy is therefore needed (Ackerman & Hilsenroth, 2003;Hill & Nakayama, 2000;Piper et al, 1993). Earlier studies of RL mainly investigated attitudes (Cedar & Levant, 1990;Dembo, Sweitzer, & Lauritzen, 1985), while techniques and individual differences have received less attention.…”

Balancing Objectives in Counseling Conversations: Advancing Forwards or Looking Backwards

“…The counselor must also engage with the texter's concerns (Rogers, 1957;Hill and Nakayama, 2000), as in c 2 , via strategies that empathetically address what the texter has already shared (Rollnick and Miller, 1995;Weger et al, 2010;Bodie et al, 2015). For instance, counselors are taught to reflect, i.e., reframe a texter's previous message to convey understanding, or draw on what was said to affirm the texter's positive qualities.…”

“…Past work on counseling has extensively discussed the virtues of addressing a client's situation (Rogers, 1957;Hill and Nakayama, 2000). Some studies also suggest that accounting for both addressing and advancing is important, such that effective counselors manage to mix backwards-and forwards-oriented actions (Mishara et al, 2007).…”

“…1 The counselor must advance a conversation towards a calmer state where the individual is better equipped to cope with their situation (Mishara et al, 2007;Sandoval et al, 2009): in c 1 , the counselor prompts the individual to brainstorm options for social support. The counselor must also empathetically address what was already said, "coming to an empathic understanding" of the individual (Rogers, 1957;Hill and Nakayama, 2000): in c 2 , the counselor validates feelings that the individual has just shared.…”