Clicked Interlocked Molecules

Abstract

The Cu I -catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, popularized as ''click chemistry,'' is one of the latest acquisitions to the synthetic arsenal for the making of mechanically interlocked molecular compounds. The high efficiency and functional group tolerance of ''click chemistry'' allows this reaction to be employed at the stoppering step in the ''threading-followed-by-stoppering'' sequence that produces rotaxanes, and in the macrocyclization step that affords catenanes. The use of this kind of ''click chemistry'' alleviates some of the drawbacks associated with previous approaches to the template-directed synthesis of mechanically interlocked molecular compounds-approaches such as ''clipping;''-and opens up the way to more exotic mechanically interlocked molecules. Employing this new approach, [2]-, [3]-, and [4]rotaxanes and [2]catenanes have all been prepared in a convergent and efficient manner. Their template-directed synthesis relies, in the beginning, on the formation of [n]pseudorotaxanes, which can either (i) be stoppered, affording [n]rotaxanes, or (ii) induced to undergo an intramolecular cyclization, affording [2]catenanes. This new synthetic approach has also been employed in the template-directed synthesis of a self-complexing system as well as a two-station, degenerate [2]rotaxane (molecular shuttle) which was used to measure the energy barrier (15 kcal mol À1 ) to shuttling by a cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) ring between two identical 1,5-dioxynaphthalene (DNP) stations across a 1,2,3-triazole unit. It has also been found that the Cu I -salt, employed in the click reaction between an azide and an alkyne, can act as both a catalyst and a template in the formation of [2]rotaxanes. The ''click'' approach has also been used in the formation of a bistable [2]rotaxane containing a DNP station and a tetrathiafulvalene one. Electrochemical experiments performed on this compound indicate that the presence of the triazole unit does not influence the kinetics or thermodynamics of the redox-controlled switching process. Finally, the synthesis of a liquid-crystalline bistable [2]rotaxane, which shows smectic A phase behavior over a wide range of temperatures, is described.

A Cholesterol Containing pH‐Sensitive Bistable [2]Rotaxane

“…[22] Among these, the latter one is very appealing because the triazole unit can also act as a key structural element to actually synthesis the rotaxane by means of a copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). [23] Scheme 1. Schematic representation of a bistable pH-sensitive [2]rotaxane shuttle.…”

Synthesis of [5]Rotaxanes Containing Bi‐ and Tridentate Coordination Sites in the Axis

“…This "stoppering" reaction has been performed by using a large variety of reactions. [13,15,17,[55][56][57][58][59][60][61] Presently, the rotaxane community seems to favor [62][63][64] the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of an azide to a terminal alkyne affording a triazole (i.e., Huisgen reaction [65] for the uncatalyzed reaction and "click" chemistry for the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition [66,67] (CuAAC)). Our group has also used click reactions for making various rotaxanes, often with very high yields, which is the reason why we also favored this method.…”

Construction of Linear Polymers, Dendrimers, Networks, and Other Polymeric Architectures by Copper‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition “Click” Chemistry

“…[12] We will focus on the application of CuAAC to the construction of interesting materials in the rest of this review. A number of excellent review articles in the past year have summarized the use of CuAAC in polymer and materials synthesis, [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] but new reports appear quite frequently in this fast-moving field. We therefore endeavor to bring the reader the most recent advances available, but also to set them in context with older examples when appropriate.…”