“…In comparison with SiO 2 -based materials, TiO 2 and ZrO 2 materials exhibit much higher chemical stability and, hence, much research work is focused on the development of TiO 2 and ZrO 2 NF membranes [1]. These NF membranes hold great promise for the separation and purification of catalyst [20], dyes [21], and heavy mental ions [22,23] via the charging mechanism and sieving effect. However, the investigation on the relationship between titania and/or zirconia sol size and NF performance of those membranes is scarce.…”