Click-cross-linked, doxorubicin-loaded hydrogels based on poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride)

Abstract

A hydrogel is a cross-linked three-dimensional product of macromolecular hydrophilic networks. Due to their unique properties, hydrogels have been extensively studied for tissue engineering, especially, they have excellent biocompatibility and the capability to be the type of drug delivery system [1, 2]. The high water content provides them with properties similar to natural extracellular matrixes. The risk of the drug denaturation and aggregation due to exposure to an organic solvent can be minimized by hydrogels. The internal network makes hydrogels have solid-like properties. Hydrogel networks may be physical gels or chemical gels. Physical gels form through physical interactions, while chemical gels are held together by covalent bonds. Chemical gel methods for making the internal network have made significant progress so far. Click chemistry, one of the methods, provided hydrogels with moderately high mechanical properties [3-6] and was also useful in biomedical engineering [7-12]. The emerging studies in click chemistry have generated 'metal-free' reactions. One example of interesting metal-free click chemistry is the inverse 248

Computational Evaluation of Intermolecular Interaction in Poly(Styrene-Maleic Acid)-Water Complexes Using Density Functional Theory

“…The computational investigation revealed that PSMA was able to interact strongly with water molecules. These results also reinforced the previous experimental research that stated the PSMA hydrogel with polyethylene glycol as a crosslinker could swell up to 14.58% [8]. The other research of PSMA hydrogel presented the total water absorption ratio in the range of 13.6-71 g/g [55].…”

“…Research showed that PSMA was engineered as drug carriers, such as nano-micelle and hydrogel [4][5][6][7]. In its structure, PSMA has many carboxyl groups that can play a role in hydrogen bonding interactions to bind water molecules, proteins, and even drugs [8]. Recently, intermolecular interactions have been studied intensively experimentally and theoretically.…”

Injectable Anhydrous Poly(ethylene glycol) Polymer Liquids Form Protein Depot for Extended Controlled Release Applications Via Rapid In Situ Gelation

“…31 Additionally, the carboxyl stretching of the ester groups was detectable at 1729 cm −1 , indicating the successful functionalization of the 4armPEG2k macromonomers. 32 The band for the cis-disubstituted alkene in norbornene appeared at 712 cm −1 (4armPEG2k-Nb), 33 and the band for the tetrazine ring was at 1349 cm −1 (4armPEG2k-Tz). 34 Besides the characteristic bands of the PEG and ester groups, the FTIR spectrum of the 4armPEG2k-polymer displayed decreases of the specific peaks attributed to norbornene and tetrazine, proving polymerization via iEDDA reaction.…”

Investigation of the Impact of Hydrolytically Cleavable Groups on the Stability of Poly(ethylene glycol) Based Hydrogels Cross‐Linked via the Inverse Electron Demand Diels–Alder (iEDDA) Reaction

“…[ 16 ] In addition to its fast reaction kinetics, the iEDDA reaction is bioorthogonal and highly efficient without using a catalyst or producing toxic byproducts. [ 17–19 ] The major drawback to the iEDDA reaction is that it is irreversible and, therefore, via iEDDA reaction cross‐linked hydrogels require a different degradation pathway to make them degradable. Here, erosion can be achieved by incorporating hydrolytically, oxidatively, or enzymatically cleavable groups as predetermined breaking points into hydrogel precursors.…”