Click and Bioorthogonal Chemistry: The Future of Active Targeting of Nanoparticles for Nanomedicines?

Abstract

Over the years, click and bioorthogonal reactions have been the subject of considerable research efforts. These high-performance chemical reactions have been developed to meet requirements not often provided by the chemical reactions commonly used today in the biological environment, such as selectivity, rapid reaction rate and biocompatibility. Click and bioorthogonal reactions have been attracting increasing attention in the biomedical field for the engineering of nanomedicines. In this review, we study a compilation of articles from 2014 to the present, using the terms "click chemistry and nanoparticles (NPs)" to highlight the application of this type of chemistry for applications involving NPs intended for biomedical applications. This study identifies the main strategies offered by click and bioorthogonal chemistry, with respect to passive and active targeting, for NP functionalization with specific and multiple properties for imaging and cancer therapy. In the final part, a novel and promising approach for "two step" targeting of NPs, called pretargeting (PT), is also discussed; the principle of this strategy as well as all the studies listed from 2014 to the present are presented in more detail.

Universal Preparation Strategy for Ultradurable Antibacterial Fabrics through Coating an Adhesive Nanosilver Glue

“…Such properties depend on the physical and chemical properties of the nanosilver colloidal solution, which are mainly determined by their capping molecules [ 10 ]. Nanosilver allows for attachment of molecules on its surface through specific physical and chemical sorption, which should be attributed to their high surface chemical activity and high surface-to-volume ratio [ 11 , 12 ]. The functionalization of molecules is due to the following conditions.…”

A bioorthogonal assembly based on metallophilic interactions for selective imaging and PDT treatment of cancer cells

“…Bioorthogonal chemistry, which mainly makes use of click reactions such as the azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AAC), the inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction, etc., has found promising applications in living systems, including specific labeling and imaging of biomolecules and cells of interest as well as selective delivery of drugs to targets. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Recently, a turn-on function was elegantly integrated into click reactions to activate the quenched PSs to realize selective imaging and PDT in cancer cells. [12][13][14] For example, Liu's group constructed an alkyne-functionalized fluorogen with aggregation-induced emission characteristics and its fluorescence emission and ROS generation were switched on as a result of restricted molecular motion upon the AAC reaction with azidefunctionalized glycans on the cancer cell surface.…”

“…In addition, the relatively slow click reaction rate (1-10 4 M −1 s −1 ) may reduce the efficacy in vitro and in vivo. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Novel bioorthogonal systems in which the emission and ROS turn-on can be readily and efficiently achieved are highly desired.…”

“…10 9 M −1 s −1 ) than that of the bioorthogonal covalent click reactions mentioned above. 6,20 Based on these aspects, bioorthogonal supramolecular interactions have also been proposed for biological applications including targeted drug delivery and biomolecule labeling. [21][22][23] However, precise PDT treatment of cancer cells with bioorthogonal supramolecular interactions has not been explored.…”

Single-Molecule Detection of Nucleic Acids via Liposome Signal Amplification in Mass Spectrometry

“…The polar head of these phospholipids is a quaternary amine group, which is positively charged. Such phospholipids have been used as the main component to prepare liposomes, and the obtained liposomes produced strong signals in ESI-MS [ 21 , 22 ]. Based on the above assumptions, we labelled liposomes on the detection probe to amplify the signal of the target nucleic acids.…”