Clay Water Diagenesis During Burial: How Mud Becomes Gneiss

Weaver, Charles E.; Beck, Kevin C.; Pollard, Charles

doi:10.1130/spe134-p1

Cited by 122 publications

(106 citation statements)

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“…The formation of illite in sedimentary basins has been the focus of intensive research efforts lasting more than three decades (e.g., Powers, 1959;Burst, 1959;Shutov et al, 1969;Dunoyer de Segonzac, 1970;Perry and Hower, 1970;Weaver and Beck, 1971;Boles and Franks, 1979;Horton et al, 1985;Burtner and Warner, 1986;Jennings and Thompson, 1986;Velde and Espitalir, 1989;Francu et al, 1989;Pollastro, 1990;McCarty and Thompson, 1991;Elliott et al, 1991;Lindgreen, 1991). This research was stimulated partly by an economic interest in finding more efficient methods to prospect for petroleum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three Zones for Illite Formation During Burial Diagenesis and Metamorphism

Eberl

1993

Clays and clay miner.

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Abstract--Reinterpretation of published data for shale cuttings from the Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin identifies three reaction zones for illite formation with increasing depth for well CWRU6. In a shallow zone (1.85 to 3 km), non-expanding illite-like layers formed primarily by the coalescemce of smectite 2:1 layers around interlayer K + . In a middle zone (3 to 4 kin), illite crystals neoformed from solution as coarser K-bearing phases and smectite were dissolved by organic acids. In the deepest zone (>4 km), illite recrystallized as less stable illite crystals dissolved, and more stable illite crystals grew during mineral ripening. The progressive loss of radiogenic argon in the deepest zone yielded a constant apparent age for the clays with depth, an effect previously attributed to "punctuated diagenesis." The above hypothesis for illite formation emphasizes the need to establish the zone (i.e., the reaction mechanism) from which shales were derived before making detailed geologic interpretations based on illite mineralogy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three Zones for Illite Formation During Burial Diagenesis and Metamorphism

Eberl

1993

Clays and clay miner.

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“…Montmorillonite transforms to illite through a series of interstratified phases in sedimentary basins (Burst, 1959(Burst, , 1969Perry and Hower, 1970;Weaver and Beck, 1971;Hower et al, 1976;Yeh and Savin, 1977), and in hydrothermal environments (Steiner, 1968;Browne and Ellis, 1970;Eslinger and Savin, 1973;Inoue et al, 1978). During the transformation, exchangeable cations such as Na + and Ca 2 § in the interlayer of montmorillonite are replaced by K § from the pore solution, and the K + is gradually fixed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potassium Fixation by Clay Minerals during Hydrothermal Treatment

Inoue

1983

Clays and clay miner.

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Abstract--The amount of K fixed in K-and Ca-saturated montmodUonite, vermiculite (trioctahedral), rectorite-type and IMII-ordered mica/montmorillonites was measured as a function of time (1-64 days), temperature (25~176 pH (6.0, 9.7, and 10.7), and K-concentration (0.02 and 1.0 M) in solution. The amount of K fixed by the clays generally increased with increasing temperature, pH, and K-concentration and reached saturation in response to each experimental condition in 5 or 6 days. The K-montmorillonite and K-vermiculite fixed considerable amounts of K even at 25~ Fixed K in moutmoriUonite increased with an increase of the layer charge which is also influenced significantly by the interlayer cation, In detail, the behavior in K-fixation was specific to each clay.The type of structural transformation with K-fixation was different for each clay. In montmorillonite, especially, the type of transformation was related to the cationic composition of the system; in K homoionic system, montmorillonite transformed rapidly into iUite/montmorillonite with about 40% expandable layers at 300~ and in a mixed cation system with Ca and K, it reacted gradually to random illite/montmorillonites with increasing temperature. These data indicate that the cation-exchange process of a natural pore solution plays an important role in the gradual transformation of detrital montmoriUonite to illite.

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“…The soil on sandstone (profile 3) is probably too shallow to display a complete weathering sequence, since hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite is already present in the C horizon. Kaolinite in this soil profile was probably not destroyed during diagenesis, and is therefore inherited (Weaver and Beck, 1971). The observed phenomena evidently do not comply with the current concepts (Paquet, 1970;Duchaufour, 1982) and in fact are typical for acid soils in temperate humid and cooler climates, in particular for podzols and podzolic soils (Brown and Jackson, 1958;Allen and Hajek, 1989).…”

Section: Soil Formation On Low-grade Metamorphic Rocks Under Mediterrmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Such a mineralogical composition is characteristic for pellitic sediments, consisting of clay minerals, which were subjected to low-grade metamorphism (Turner, 1968;Winkler, 1974). The typical K-mica of low-grade metamorphism is a muscovite of so called phengitic composition, which means that the Si/A1 ratio in the tetrahedra is large, caused by substitution of octahedral Al by Fe and Mg and the occurrence of some chloritic inter layering (Weaver and Beck, 1971;Verstraten, 1980).…”

Section: Mineralogy Of the Parent Rocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The soils in this hilly area are best developed on the broad crests, while erosion dominates on steep upper slopes and colluvial soils occur on the foot slopes (Pedroli et al, 1988). The soil profiles on these crests provided an excellent opportunity to study soil formation under mediter-ranean climatic conditions, whence the mineral composition of the acid, low-grade metamorphic parent rock varies within a narrow, well-known range (Turner, 1968;Weaver and Beck, 1971;Winkler, 1974).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pedogenesis by clay dissolution on acid, low-grade metamorphic rocks under mediterranean forests in southern Tuscany (Italy)

Wesemael

Verstraten

Sevink

1995

CATENA

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Pedogenesis by clay dissolution on acid, low-grade metamorphic rocks under mediterranean forests in southern Tuscany (Italy) van Wesemael, B.; Verstraten, J.M.; Sevink, J. Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. AbstractPedogenesis on acid, low-grade metamorphic rocks under well-developed forests was studied in the meso-mediterranean climatic zone. To that purpose three representative soil profiles on phyllite and sandstone under sclerophyllous oak, pine and heathland were selected. The major soil forming processes consisted of transformation of part of the K-mica (muscovite) to (hydroxy-interlayered) vermiculite and smectite, impoverishment both in major elements (A1, K, Mg and Fe) and fine particles, and redistribution of sesquioxides as organic complexes. These processes indicate clay hydrolysis under acid conditions and subsequent removal of solutes by lateral subsurface flow. The resulting impoverishment of the soil profiles could be mainly attributed to hydrolysis under acid conditions brought about by slow decomposition of organic matter. The proposed mode of pedogenesis deviates strongly from the current concept of fersiallitisation, and is probably restricted to acid parent materials in mediterranean climates where lateral removal of soluble weathering products is ensured throughout the largest part of the year.

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Clay Water Diagenesis During Burial: How Mud Becomes Gneiss

Cited by 122 publications

References 0 publications

Three Zones for Illite Formation During Burial Diagenesis and Metamorphism

Three Zones for Illite Formation During Burial Diagenesis and Metamorphism

Potassium Fixation by Clay Minerals during Hydrothermal Treatment

Pedogenesis by clay dissolution on acid, low-grade metamorphic rocks under mediterranean forests in southern Tuscany (Italy)

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