“…(Serra et al., 2013) attributed this phenomenon to pre-mullite spinal type phase formation that is not possible to detect in XRD. Similar phenomena were found when other clay minerals from different regions in Morocco were studied (Hajjaji et al., 2002; El Yakoubi, 2006; El Gamouz et al., 2007; Anbri et al., 2008; Azejjel et al., 2010; Elgamouz and Tijani, 2018, 2018a). Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 78%
“…Based on results obtained from the X-ray diffraction, the raw clay minerals belong to kaolinite and illite type. Four (-OH) vibrations were characteristic; the first three bands (3700, 3670 and 3654 cm −1 ) were attributed to the stretching vibrations of surface hydroxyl groups, while the band at 3620 cm −1 was attributed to inner hydroxyl vibrations of the interlayer water (Frost and Mendelovici, 2006; El Gamouz et al., 2007; Anbri et al., 2008; Elgamouz and Tijani, 2018, 2018a). Such –OH vibrational peaks disappeared due to loss of adsorbed water at high temperatures.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Given the pivotal role that pure clay fractions contained in a clay mineral could play, it is important to establish whether techniques used for clay characterization were sufficient or not. Anbri et al. (2008), characterized a clay mineral from the central region of Morocco by using X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and FT-IR, the clay was used for the fabrication of plane membranes for microfiltration, apart from X-ray analysis which shows existence of illite and kaolinite no proper quantification of these fractions was made.…”
The commercial value of any clay depends on its physical and chemical properties, these could help in tuning the characteristics of ceramic membrane supports required at extreme filtration conditions. The characteristics of two clay minerals named SA and CH were studied at various firing temperatures. The composition in oxides of both raw materials consisted of quartz (44.40 ± 0.60 to 46.98 ± 0.57 m%), alumina (13.16 ± 0.56 to 19.64 ± 0.48 m%), iron oxide (4.85 ± 0.46 to 6.37 ± 0.70 m %), and relatively smaller amounts of alkaline-earth oxides (3.34 ± 0.43 to 5.98 ± 0.33 m% calcium oxide and 1.98 ± 0.18 to 5.87 ± 0.34 m% for magnesium oxide). XRD of the investigated samples indicated the presence of kaolinite and illite as pure clay fractions in the clay mineral. SEM showed that the clay minerals were constituted from fine poorly crystalline particles with particles’ size more than 5 μm. The specific surface areas of the clay minerals were found to vary between 94.5 ± 6.3 to 138.6 ± 4.2 m
2
/g using methylene blue stain test, indicating that, the clay minerals fall within chlorite, illite, and kaolinite categories. The porosity of the clay supports made from both clays were found to be maximal with values of 23.45% ± 0.66 and 21.61% ± 0.60 for SA and CH clay materials respectively at 700°C. These values were a direct result of capillary movements of water in the specimen pores that were opened to the outside leading to the highest number macropores and mesopores in the specimen.
“…(Serra et al., 2013) attributed this phenomenon to pre-mullite spinal type phase formation that is not possible to detect in XRD. Similar phenomena were found when other clay minerals from different regions in Morocco were studied (Hajjaji et al., 2002; El Yakoubi, 2006; El Gamouz et al., 2007; Anbri et al., 2008; Azejjel et al., 2010; Elgamouz and Tijani, 2018, 2018a). Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 78%
“…Based on results obtained from the X-ray diffraction, the raw clay minerals belong to kaolinite and illite type. Four (-OH) vibrations were characteristic; the first three bands (3700, 3670 and 3654 cm −1 ) were attributed to the stretching vibrations of surface hydroxyl groups, while the band at 3620 cm −1 was attributed to inner hydroxyl vibrations of the interlayer water (Frost and Mendelovici, 2006; El Gamouz et al., 2007; Anbri et al., 2008; Elgamouz and Tijani, 2018, 2018a). Such –OH vibrational peaks disappeared due to loss of adsorbed water at high temperatures.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Given the pivotal role that pure clay fractions contained in a clay mineral could play, it is important to establish whether techniques used for clay characterization were sufficient or not. Anbri et al. (2008), characterized a clay mineral from the central region of Morocco by using X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and FT-IR, the clay was used for the fabrication of plane membranes for microfiltration, apart from X-ray analysis which shows existence of illite and kaolinite no proper quantification of these fractions was made.…”
The commercial value of any clay depends on its physical and chemical properties, these could help in tuning the characteristics of ceramic membrane supports required at extreme filtration conditions. The characteristics of two clay minerals named SA and CH were studied at various firing temperatures. The composition in oxides of both raw materials consisted of quartz (44.40 ± 0.60 to 46.98 ± 0.57 m%), alumina (13.16 ± 0.56 to 19.64 ± 0.48 m%), iron oxide (4.85 ± 0.46 to 6.37 ± 0.70 m %), and relatively smaller amounts of alkaline-earth oxides (3.34 ± 0.43 to 5.98 ± 0.33 m% calcium oxide and 1.98 ± 0.18 to 5.87 ± 0.34 m% for magnesium oxide). XRD of the investigated samples indicated the presence of kaolinite and illite as pure clay fractions in the clay mineral. SEM showed that the clay minerals were constituted from fine poorly crystalline particles with particles’ size more than 5 μm. The specific surface areas of the clay minerals were found to vary between 94.5 ± 6.3 to 138.6 ± 4.2 m
2
/g using methylene blue stain test, indicating that, the clay minerals fall within chlorite, illite, and kaolinite categories. The porosity of the clay supports made from both clays were found to be maximal with values of 23.45% ± 0.66 and 21.61% ± 0.60 for SA and CH clay materials respectively at 700°C. These values were a direct result of capillary movements of water in the specimen pores that were opened to the outside leading to the highest number macropores and mesopores in the specimen.
“…5 , Fig. 6 represent hysteresis [6] , [7] , [8] , [9] of clay without additive, clay with 5% activated carbon and clay with 20% starch supports respectively from which different adsorption data was derived (Porosity, mesoporosity, specific surface area, volumes of the pores, volumes of mesopores, diameters of the pores). Fig.…”
The data presented in this article are generated as part of the research article entitled “from a naturally occurring material (clay mineral) to the production of porous ceramic membranes” (Elgamouz and Tijani, 2018) [1]. This article describe how clays as very abundant versatile materials that have many properties not available in pure materials namely, silica, alumina and zirconia can be used for the preparation of ceramic membranes (Karaborni et al., 1996; Oun et al., 2017; Hollanders et al., 2016; de Oliveira Henriques et al., 2017) [2], [3], [4], [5]. This paper presents data obtained at different stages of the fabrication of a clay-zeolite composite ceramic membrane made from a largely available clay from the central region of Morocco (Meknes). The data include the characterization of the clay powder using XRD, FTIR, thermogravimetric (TGA and TDA) analysis of the clay powder. The data of porosity, mesoporosity, specific surface area, volumes of the pores, volumes of mesopores, diameters of the pores using mercury intrusion porosimetry and adsorption desorption of nitrogen data that was computed from BET and BJH theories of the clay supports at different firing temperatures (700, 750, 800, 850 and 900 °C). Data obtained from measurement of nitrogen permeation of support alone and that of the silicalite membranes are also represented.
The supports for microltration (MF) and ultraltration (UF) were prepared with local kaolin (Djebel Debagh: type 3: DD3) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) mixtures. The choice of these materials is based on their natural abundance (low price). In this work, the tubular ceramic supports were prepared by the extrusion method. The sintering was carried out for 2 hours, at temperatures laying between 1150 and 1300 • C. They are then characterized by various techniques: mercury porosimetry, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diraction. The obtained results revealed that the main phase formed during the sintering step was anorthite with a minor phase of mullite. Moreover, it has been found that supports sintered at temperatures less than 1300• C had interesting characteristics; an average pore size ranged between 3.918.56 µm, a porosity ratio of 42.050.4%, a exural strength ≈6777 MPa and the pore size distribution is bimodal type. According to their average pore sizes, they may be used either as supports for MF or UF membranes.
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