Classification, phylogeny, and zoogeography of the pond skater genus <i>Gerris</i> Fabricius (Hemiptera: Gerridae)

Andersen, Nils Møller

doi:10.1139/z93-343

Cited by 64 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 46 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

125

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

Section: The Organismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are predators/scavengers that feed mainly on arthropods trapped at the water surface (Andersen 1982;Spence and Andersen 1994). Characteristics of male genitalia are very important both in grouping higher order taxa and in distinguishing among closely related congeneric species (Andersen 1982(Andersen , 1993. The intromittent phallic organ, which is inflated/extended and inserted into the female genital tract during copulation, is mostly membranous, but carries an apical capsule (the vesica) which encloses an armature of genital sclerites (for illustrations see Andersen 1993).…”

Section: The Organismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this genus, the sclerites in the apical part of the intromittent phallus have evolved particularly rapidly and divergently, and their morphology is a critical species character within the genus (Andersen 1993). Little is known of the functional morphology of these sclerites in Gerris, but they are thought to play an important part during insertion and/or positioning of the male phallus in the female genital tract during copulation (Andersen 1982;Heming-van Battum and Heming 1989). Although little classical premating courtship occurs in this group of insects (Rowe et al 1994;Arnqvist 1997b), males exhibit distinct copulatory behaviors in the form of vibrations and various leg-tapping behaviors (Andersen 1982).…”

Section: The Organismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Little is known of the functional morphology of these sclerites in Gerris, but they are thought to play an important part during insertion and/or positioning of the male phallus in the female genital tract during copulation (Andersen 1982;Heming-van Battum and Heming 1989). Although little classical premating courtship occurs in this group of insects (Rowe et al 1994;Arnqvist 1997b), males exhibit distinct copulatory behaviors in the form of vibrations and various leg-tapping behaviors (Andersen 1982). These behaviors were originally interpreted as stimulatory courtship signals addressed to the female (Sattler 1957), but have more recently been suggested to function primarily in terms of mate guarding by repelling other males (Wilcox and Di Stefano 1991).…”

Section: The Organismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two-dimensional digital morphometric data were attained by placing a digitizing tablet (Summasketchv III, CalComp Technology, Inc., Anaheim, CA) under a sidemounted camera lucida attached to a dissecting microscope (Leicae MZ8, Leica AG, Heerbrugg, Switzerland). For each individual, we registered the following eight landmarks on the body in dorsal view: the anterior corners of the pronotum, the thoracic points of attachment of the mid-and hindleg coxae, and the tips of the connexival spines (Andersen 1993). The centroid size of the body (the square root of the sum of squared distances of the eight landmarks from their centroid) of each individual was subsequently used as an integrative measure of overall size (Rohlf and Marcus 1993).…”

Section: Morphometriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Copulatory Behavior, Genital Morphology, and Male Fertilization Success in Water Striders

1999

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract.-Recent theoretical and empirical interest in postmating processes have generated a need for increasing our understanding of the sources of variance in fertilization success among males. Of particular importance is whether such postmating sexual selection merely reinforces the effects of premating sexual selection or whether other types of male traits are involved. In the current study, we document large intraspecific variation in last male sperm precedence in the water strider Gerris lateralis. Male relative paternity success was repeatable across replicate females, showing that males differ consistently in their ability to achieve fertilizations. By analyzing shape variation in male genital morphology, we were able to demonstrate that the shape of male intromittent genitalia was related to relative paternity success. This is the first direct experimental support for the suggestion that male genitalia evolve by postmating sexual selection. A detailed analysis revealed that different components of male genitalia had different effects, some affecting male ability to achieve sperm precedence and others affecting male ability to avoid sperm precedence by subsequent males. Further, the effects of the shape of the male genitalia on paternity success was in part dependent on female morphology, suggesting that selection on male genitalia will depend on the frequency distribution of female phenotypes. We failed to find any effects of other morphological traits, such as male body size or the degree of asymmetry in leg length, on fertilization success. Although males differed consistently in their copulatory behavior, copulation duration was the only behavioral trait that had any significant effect on paternity.Key words.-Copulatory courtship, evolution of genitalia, geometric morphometries, sexual selection, sperm precedence.Received April 16, 1998. Accepted October 7, 1998 In recent years, the theory of Darwinian sexual selection has been broadened to include not only male premating courtship characters, but also traits that may affect nonrandom postmating paternity success among males. This development has been boosted by observations of large variation in male postmating paternity success (Lewis and Austad 1990; Birkhead and Meller 1992; Eberhard 1996). The latter is of fundamental importance in evolutionary biology because most empirical studies of sexual selection reported so far analyze variance in male mating success (Andersson 1994) and therefore assume a simple and direct relationship between male mating frequency, or the number of females inseminated, and reproductive fitness. Although this may be true in some cases (Pemberton et al. 1992; Abell 1997;Wheatherhead and Boag 1997), there is typically enough residual variance in paternity success to significantly weaken the relationship (Lewis and Austad 1990, 1994; Birkhead and Meller 1992;Simmons and Parker 1992;Conner 1995;Bissoondath and Wiklund 1997;Gullberg et al. 1997;Wilson et al. 1997),Our understanding of the causes of variation in postmating pa...

show abstract

Section: The Organismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Organismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Organismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Organismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Morphometriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Copulatory Behavior, Genital Morphology, and Male Fertilization Success in Water Striders

1999

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Patterns of animal dispersal, vicariance and diversification in the Holarctic

Sanmartín

2001

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

324

149

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We analysed patterns of animal dispersal, vicariance and diversification in the Holarctic based on complete phylogenies of 57 extant non-marine taxa, together comprising 770 species, documenting biogeographic events from the Late Mesozoic to the present. Four major areas, each corresponding to a historically persistent landmass, were used in the analyses: eastern Nearctic (EN), western Nearctic (WN), eastern Palaeoarctic (EP) and western Palaeoarctic (WP). Parsimony-based tree fitting showed that there is no significantly supported general area cladogram for the dataset. Yet, distributions are strongly phylogenetically conserved, as revealed by dispersalvicariance analysis (DIVA). DIVA-based permutation tests were used to pinpoint phylogenetically determined biogeographic patterns. Consistent with expectations, continental dispersals (WP-EP and WN-EN) are significantly more common than palaeocontinental dispersals (WN-EP and EN-WP), which in turn are more common than disjunct dispersals (EN-EP and WN-WP). There is significant dispersal asymmetry both within the Nearctic (WN+EN more common than EN+WN) and the Palaeoarctic (EP+WP more common than WP-tEP). CrossBeringian faunal connections have traditionally been emphasized but are not more important than cross-Atlantic connections in our data set. To analyse changes over time, we sorted biogeographic events into four major time periods using fossil, biogeographic and molecular evidence combined with a 'branching clock. These analyses show that trans-Atlantic distributions (EN-WP) were common in the Early-Mid Tertiary (70-20 Myr), whereas transBeringian distributions (WN-EP) were rare in that period. Most EN-EP disjunctions date back to the Early Tertiary (7045 Myr), suggesting that they resulted from division of cross-Atlantic rather than cross-Beringian distributions. Diversification in WN and W P increased in the Quaternary (< 3 Myr), whereas in E P and EN it decreased from a maximum in the Early-Mid Tertiary.

show abstract